Geog 102 Continued:

Front 1

L1: Political Geography:

Back 1

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Front 2

Give some examples of political regulations:

Back 2

a) Aussie vs Zambia/Sth Africa: Different visa regulations to work according to government and policies.
b) Timor Leste: Australia is using oil when by international should be theirs, although corrupt and Aussie once colonised?
c) Kiwis in Gallipoli after war.
d) Ganges River Basin: Over 900 million rely on it for water and resources. Want to put in dams, but lots argument.

Front 3

Define space:

Back 3

Domains, setting/ geographic areas that humans interact and undertake activity with: How space contested, and control of it maintained?

Front 4

Define place:

Back 4

Specific / distinctive sites meaning/interaction, by communities and individuals, inhabitants/outsiders of place. Political significance?

Front 5

Define movement:

Back 5

Transfer of people, ideas and material b/w spaces and places=ability to move free, others not.

Front 6

Define scale:

Back 6

Different geographic levles of space and place=individual and personal location of village, city, continent and world. Local-global. How politically significant?

Front 7

Define temporal change:

Back 7

Change in activities and location in time.

Front 8

Define territory?

Back 8

Areas of land and sea-states/political entities claim to exercise control over.

Front 9

Define territoriality:

Back 9

Strategy of individuals, groups and organisations used to exercise power of portion of space and contents.

Front 10

What is the link between territory and territoriality?

Back 10

Territories are spaces defended , contested and claimed against others through territoriality.

Front 11

Describe territoriality as a strategy:

Back 11

-Classification by area=includes and excludes.
-Artificial politically constructed-subdivide space
-Communicated (physically and geographically)
-Maintain-enforce
-International acceptance

Maps: Very different forms-depends interpretation map on what cartographer trying to show.

Front 12

Maps and politics:

Back 12

-Maps important facts about areas
-Seem neutral/ authoritative=divide space.
-Political devices!
-All mean something.

Front 13

What is the state?

Back 13

-Source of political power
-Globalisation and regionalisation-state less power
-Argue power comes in other forms too.

Front 14

Give example of how state has helped control Otago uni students?

Back 14

Nth Otago liquor ban-bad. Direct audience but helps all in general. Laws different across globe: Drive car here if have Japanese full.

Front 15

Describe the 3 different state views?

Back 15

1)Liberal view: Individuals treated equally, equal access to power of state.
2) Pluralist view: Different groups in society influence the state.
3) Elitist view: State operates for power interests.

Front 16

Describe link between state power and territory:

Back 16

-Territorial strategies by state exercise power.
- Direct exercise of state power
-Private =depend state still.

Front 17

Describe the territory and exclusions at different scales-N.Z.:

Back 17

National: Immigration, regulate cultural content.
Local: Gated communities, land zones.

Front 18

Give an example of geographies of inclusion:

Back 18

-Israel: Jewish heritage=become citizen.
-People apply various rights-citizenship according to policies: nation states. (N.Z. policies of permanent residents, student Visas etc).

Front 19

What are social geographies?

Back 19

-Different identities in society (race class, gender, sexuality). Mix with the state.

Front 20

L2: political geography

Back 20

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Front 21

Examples of social hierarchy?

Back 21

-1st 15 at school being seen as coolest kids.
- Fat people seen as less appealing
- Chch schools and prestige attached.

Front 22

How does social geography link into hierarchy in society?

Back 22

1) I.d. social order and ways it privileges or marginalises people (good and bad stereotypes)
2) Look bak in time, diff spaces /sites i.d.: when things organised way they are.
3) POWER: visible, deneutralise=able have change in power and social organisation.

Front 23

Define society?

Back 23

-Social group with shared identity: In different time periods, geographic location, development levels, activity types.
-Territorial divisions
-Different from others.

Front 24

Define identity:

Back 24

-Make sense of selves
- I.D. with similarities/differences
-In relation to other people and objects
-Socially constructed with naturally and biologically.

ie: Gender, age, ethnicity etc. Overlap/incompatible, talk differently to different groups (social context=different identities).

Front 25

Describe the historical development of social geography?

Back 25

-Late 60's and 70's: Feminism and Marxism
-social inequalities/justice
- Different theory approaches.

1980's-present:
- Cultural turn, empahsis on identity, meaning and representation.
-Different kinds of people and their differences.
-Social categories-constructed socially
- Othering: Personal interpretation: Not the norm (fat/scarf on head).

Front 26

Describe the caste systemin India?

Back 26

-Hereditary, hierarchical system.
-Restrict occupation, marriage, social relations, mobility on basis of birth.
Untouchables at bottom, brahmin at top.

Villages: Different public spaces/facilities
Urban: Disappearing-diversifying jobs which makes it hard to reinforce divisions in society.

Front 27

Describe how class is determined in society?

Back 27

-Controversial
- Used: Income /cultural characteristics (exception=no $ but high class).
-Interactions socially: appropriate modes of dress, speech etc.-distinguish classes and regulate acceptance.

UNI: Good balance of classes, apart from in intelligence respect.

Front 28

Describe aspects of the class system in New Zealand:

Back 28

"Underclass", "Maori and Pacific Islanders=below poverty line."

-N.Z. based on society that is equal: Example is the tax paid - ?$70000 incoem have to pay the highest tax of all earners.

Front 29

How are races shaped in society?

Back 29

No scientific basis for race: Socially, politically, culturally and economically constructed.
-Race hierarchies based on stereotypes of society.
- Race becomes linked to bodies (Barak obama has black and white parents, but considered BLACK).

Front 30

Talk about "white Australia"

Back 30

-Commonwealth Immigration Restriction Act 1901:
-Excluded Asians as not pure Aussies.
European test: Only allowed in.

1973: White Aussie abolished in parliament.

Front 31

What controversies are related to gender?

Back 31

-Initial study -female inequality, then male and female problems in society.
- Study interrelations-race, class alog with gender.

EG: Indian Hijras: Physiologically male, female gender.

Front 32

What controversy did Indian tennis player dressing up "skankily"cause?

Back 32

Muslims critical of her for being too out in open about what she wore. Purdah: Went agaisnt this= Range of practices of female exclusion and way of males to control sexual conduct of women.

Front 33

Give an example of race and gendered identities:

Back 33

Singapore airlines girl: Gendered assumptions and employment.
-Workers sexualised bodily performances
- General maids Singapore from low economy Philippines and Indonesia.

Front 34

Paul Henry example and Real NZér:

Back 34

Said Governor -Pacific/Indian not real NZér, when 60% Auckland pop immigrants or 2nd generation.

Front 35

Talk about sexuality:

Back 35

-Heterosexual considered normal, gay considered abnormal (Heteronormality).
-State this in language: "That's so gay."
- Only 3 openly gay footballers English premier league

Front 36

Disability and how society adds to this?

Back 36

Social norm means buildings dont allow for them.
-Spatial restrictions mean hard integrate so why they are different.
- Must examine this to help them merge more.

Front 37

L3: Political geog: Borders and boundaries:

Back 37

.........................................

Front 38

Define boundaries:

Back 38

-Social, economical, political or virtal
-Social geography is focused on international version
-"Enclose territory-spatial extent of state and allow freedom within."

Front 39

Give 3 examples of boundary-imposed problems:

Back 39

1) Kim.com: Not going back to America
2)Spratlys Is.: China and Philippines.
3) Superimposed boundaries being changed around decolonisation: Africa-split up according to resources or randomly.

Front 40

Describe the reason for decolonisation?

Back 40

-Groups of tribes with similarities.
-Dominance fought for by minorities, and has caused conflict ever since.

Front 41

Describe the what occurred between Afghanistan and Pakistan:

Back 41

War in Afghanistan over Talibam.
- Try to escape to Pakistan-not doing alot to stp it , and also Tajikstan.

Front 42

India/Pakistan partition- describe this:

Back 42

Man drew a line between according to religion. Some people had to migrate ( 15-17 million) in order to get to appropriate religious area, was alot of conflict and 1-3 million died.

Front 43

What are enclaves and give examples?

Back 43

-Smalle , scattered landmass belonging to country outside of area: 1947: Some from this period with Bangladesh, India, and E. Pakistan: >100 of eachothers in each country.

Front 44

Define boundaries:

Back 44

Line demarcated and implemented by the governement.

Front 45

Define frontier:

Back 45

Area/region close proximity to line within development patterns influenced by proximity to border.

Front 46

Define borderlands:

Back 46

Areas on either side border share more in common culturally than central parts.

Front 47

Describe the example of how borders are becoming more ignored over time-maquiladora:

Back 47

1990's: Increased deregualtion of economies in wolrd and increased flow of capital in different parts world. Facilitated by free trade agreements (Nth America Free Trade Act-NAFTA).
-Maquiladora: Manufacturing operation: 1 country caters for clients in another, but people flow across borders which are slightly constrained.

Example: Between: Juarez (Mexico) and El Paso (USA): 1 rich area and 1 poor area in b. this maquiladora area. Lots illegal border cross to get $ for family. Illegal tappping of electricity, no sewerage or water.

Front 48

Why do people migrate for work and how many migrated in world?

Back 48

-Initially usually migrate within, but thn outside for $ illegally or leagally.
Around 1/2 of 175 million.
India is top country

Front 49

Global flows or Filipino workers: Talk about this

Back 49

-Around 11 million workers permanent, but mainly temporary.

Mainly travel to U.S., Saudi Arabia, Canada-Engineers (in Gulf region), nurses, restaurant workers and owners.

Front 50

What is problem for migrant workers from Bangladesh to Malaysia?

Back 50

Vulnerable and thus exploited by employers.

Front 51

Give some facts on IDP's and Refugees:

Back 51

-Most displacement occurs internally
-N.Z. took 3289 refugees last yr.
-Pakistan took 1.7 million refugees
-2009: 43.3 million forcibly displaced

Front 52

L4: Political Geography: Nations and nationalism

Back 52

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Front 53

What makes us a New Zealander?

Back 53

Ability to see broadly as nation.

Front 54

Define a nation?

Back 54

Shared community, identified with by a group of population (Kiwis)

Front 55

Deinfe a state?

Back 55

Mechanistic, functional role-largely impersonal (Government)

Front 56

Define a nation-state:

Back 56

2 together=every member of nation belongs to the state. Occurs infrequently.

Front 57

Give some examples of nations and their landscapes that help define them?

Back 57

Uluru: Aussie.
Eiffel tower: France
Taj MAhal: India
Grand Canyon, USA

Front 58

What constitutes a nation?

Back 58

-Imagined community - identify with people wont see
-Shared territory, myths, culture, economy ,legal rights.
-Territory: Geographic and place/landscape.

Front 59

What are the two types of theories concerning a nation?

Back 59

1) Pre-modern roots (pre=1500): Based idea on connection of ethnic group to nation.
2) Product of modernity: Communities come-being as consequence of things that have occurred in modern times.

Front 60

How are nations produced?

Back 60

-Attmepts to unify parts new nation by culture (literature, music), also politically and economically.
EG: French nation adopt dialect around Paris.
- Shared icons: adopt events.
-Adopt shared rituals (holidays, sport team) -reflect nations character.

N.Z.: Anzac day, A.B.'s

Front 61

Give 4 main symbols of N.Z.?

Back 61

A.B.'s, Mtns, Sir Ed, camping.

Front 62

What do the anthems and landscapes evoke?

Back 62

Belonging, proud,.

Front 63

What are some elements of our national identity?

Back 63

a) Landscape (mtns, oceans)
b) Economy-common currency
c) Outdoor activity/sport (ski, tramp)
d) Culture (ballroom dancing)
e) People
f) Anthem (English, Maori)

Front 64

How are we close to aussie as a nation?

Back 64

Recognised as very close geographically by rest world. Have sam type of history: abos and Maori.

Front 65

Nationalism and separatism?

Back 65

Basque: 1958-2011 fight eachother for territory. Europes longest war over area trying to make one nation which had divided language and culture.

Front 66

L5: Political geography-Landscapes of National significance:

Back 66

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Front 67

Describe some icons of New Zealand?

Back 67

- Postcards of beautiful places: Milford Sound
- Rugby ball represents us, 100% PURE
-Pukeko
-Sthern Man

Front 68

Describes how landscapes and nationalism are entangled?

Back 68

A.B.'s with background landscapes and Maori also in background. Show sport is part of culture, and ladscapes are in all parts of our lives. Makes us proud to be kiwis.

Front 69

How do we conceptualise landscapes in the social and biophysical sense?

Back 69

Biophysical: Water bodies, biodiversity, native, landforms

Social: Historical links, cultural, 'lived spaces', symbols meaning.

Front 70

When did Maori settle and what impact did they have on the native forests of N.Z.?

Back 70

800-1000 yrs ago they settled (AD 1325- 1400)
- Mainly all New Zealand forested prior to Maori settlement.
-Maori have oral culture and history: phsical landscapes, flora and fauna, and myths.
-Landscape burnt with fire: 50% loss forest before Europeans.

Front 71

Talk about deforestation once Europeans settled:

Back 71

2000 Europeans in 1840- 500000 in 1890.
-Lots land deforestation:accelerated.
1887: 1st national park, 2000: Logging of national parks ceased.

Front 72

Give some examples of how we have not lived up to our clean and green image:

Back 72

-Manawatu: 1 of most polluted rivers in wrld
- N.Z. highest per capita for 1080.
- 1100 die prematurely due to air pollution.
- Greenhouse gases: increase 20% b/w 1990 and 2007.
-Unites all ethnicities, esp Maori and Pakeha.

Front 73

Give some examples of thought to be natural, but actually man-made landscapes:

Back 73

Teakpo: Canals created by man
Windfarms, vineyards in central (highly cultivated).

The Southrn man-high cuntry pretending N.Z. alllike that.

100% PURE EVIL: Mining campaign.

Front 74

Describe the difference between how graeme Sydney and Michael Hight perceive N.Z. landscapes as artists?

Back 74

Graeme: Pants their beauty and is against any human inducedchange.
Michael: Paints human induced effects in painting.

Front 75

Describe the history of the transformation of the New Zealand high country:

Back 75

1871: Bought couple of hares, 2 rabbits, 4 magpies.
1882: Killed > 40000 rabbits.

1890-1970: High country perceived as productive landscape.
1870's, 80's, 90's: Increase conservation, increased private ownership.
90's/ 2000: Increased development and tourism.
Currently: Fear global buying, deveopment, different values perceived country in media.

Front 76

Describe the fight for high country in N.Z?

Back 76

Conservation: Want t conserve land and seem to think they have best knowledge of the landscape, with ublic support of conserving our high country,

Farmers: Know the land really well and saythey farm it in a conservative fashion. Pblic support cntinuing of this as brings profit.

Front 77

Describe mining in national parks debate:

Back 77

$ vs conservation,

Contentious issue since 2010: Change in Crown Minerals Act=increased are to mine, and try to stop mining also of deep sea oil of N.Z. coast.

Front 78

L6: Political Geog: Geopolitics

Back 78

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Front 79

Define othering:

Back 79

Perceive or treat those different to us as others. Has negative connotations.

Front 80

Define discourse:

Back 80

Written and spoken communication-ideas provide partiular meanings (media)

Front 81

Define hegemony:

Back 81

Leadership, dominant groups.individuals over others, formed and maintaned ideological dicourse.

Front 82

What is geopolitics?

Back 82

-Spatialising initial politics.
-Discourses of representation of space/power underpin world politics.
-Link between social and spatial, results same social /culturaly territorial groups=us and them. Aussie vs. N.Z.

Front 83

What is the origin of modern geopolitics?

Back 83

-Born 20th century
- 1st Sedish political scientist in 1899, then MacKinder in 20th century who was a British geographer, too, to understand relations-depend resources in areas.

Front 84

Describe MacKinders idea of geopolitics:

Back 84

-Promoted English imperialism
-Areas vulnerable according to their topography. Rich vs poor. Try help England prevail.

1904- 1919:
-balance of poitical power given time: 1) Geog conditions and 2) Number people, equipement, organization of competing people.
-Regions resource rich or scarce.
-Rule E.Europe= controL world.
ALL WAS AFTER COLONISATION OCCURRING- TRY TO COMPETE NOW!

Front 85

Describe the early writings of geopolitics:

Back 85

-Patriotic /support nationaism
- Use imperilaist terms (BRITAIN AND GERMANY)

Front 86

Describe Samuel Hntington's theory (1996):

Back 86

-World possess 7 ethnic groups ought to fight over cultural differences.
- People clash over differences. Division between Western and rest of world.

Front 87

What is the arc of instability?

Back 87

Mid 1990's: Ungovernable area where u.S. must intervene as is area of terrorism.
Top of Sth America, Africa, Sth Asia.

MAPS: People began to question these: Do they really authorise U.S. intervention.

Front 88

Critical geopolitics:

Back 88

1990's: Geopolitics looked at as subjective and idealogical.
-Range approaches emerged 1980's: Challenge hegemonic discourse.
- Expose past negative theories
- Incorrect to show relationship between geog space and global politics.

Front 89

What significancedo cartoons have in geopolitics?

Back 89

-Come from certain persepctive, who sets rules/beleifs?
U.S. usualy doing them!

Front 90

Describe anti-geopolitics:

Back 90

Mid 1990's: -Counter geopolitical imaginaries.
-Violent/non-violent against opporession, demonstrations.
-Argue agaisnt imperial projections.
-focus on progressive national and transnational counter dominance organisations (Al Qaeda)-challenge America etc. Most want to chnge world for better and not kill in process.

Front 91

Inspiratinal anti-geopolitical moments and figures:

Back 91

1) Fidel Castro (1926), Ernesto Che Guevara: (1928-1867_: Cuban revolution (1953-1959).

2) Franz Fanon (1925-1961)L Antin colonial writer joined Algerian National Liberation Front- antigeopolitical.

3) Subcomandante Marcos (1957-): EZLN's spokesperson and ideologists of Zapalistas 1994 rebellion Mexico-anti imperialists!

Julian Assange , Wikileaks, V for Vendetta.

Front 92

State and describe the 3 different kinds of geopolitics:

Back 92

a) Formal geopolitics: Strategic institiutes, think tanks-provide theory foreign policy.
b) practical geopolitics: Foreign policy, bereaucracy act imagined spatial attributions.
c) Popular geopolitics : Mass media, cinema, cartoons. Spatialise boundaries and perceived dangers.

Front 93

Formal and practical geopolitics after 9/11:

Back 93

-War on terror
-New era
-Places labelled as dangerous
-Othering occurred

Front 94

Popualr critical geopolitics:

Back 94

-Ideas challenged
- SHARP: Geopolitics select elemtns-socially (predominantly nationally) negotiated truth for emphasis create events from scratch.
-Leaders exposed to ideas like us. Hard to think outside of exposed.

Front 95

Describe themedias role on geopolitics:

Back 95

-Media reinforce elite discourse, affect public opinion.
-Cold War period: Deminish communism: U.S. otered Rssia etc. Seen as evil.

Front 96

What role does Captan America play in American society?

Back 96

Created in 1940: Shows how U.S. is superior to enemies.

Front 97

Readers digest and geopolitics:

Back 97

Sharp 2000:

-Important social produce geopolitical understandings (lots powerful editors).
- Widely read -gave ideas to U.S. public.
-Tried to other Russians, then Japan, drugs, and terrorism.

Front 98

Geopolitics and Kim Dotcom:

Back 98

0Megaupload: executives infringed copyright laws U.S.
-Much legal debate
-MPAA (Hollywood studio) asked FBI to intervene and track him down
-N.Z. govt helped to track Kim down.Lots of $$ involved.
-Only 10% gear and users in U.S.-govt here lied to try capture him and executives.

Front 99

L7: Political Geography: Imagining the 'other' notions of difference between and developed

Back 99

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Front 100

Describe 3rd world exploitation and aid:

Back 100

Aid: Exploit developing nations-bandaid on corruption and abuse of international system.

-West take over all $ for selves, rest=poor.

IRONY OF AID: Incredibly wealthy used forefront-dont donate any of own money to cause.

Front 101

Orientalism:

Back 101

-Constrcuts difference on basis of 2 unchangeable cultural differences.
-West-civilised, orient=not (developing)
- COunters Western values (democracy, order etc.) with opposite (irrationality, chaos).

Front 102

Describe the aspects (mainly negative) of orphanage tourism and give an example of where this is occurring?

Back 102

-Visit
- Culutral performances
- Volunteers in orphanage: Cambodia-international adoption children illegal.
- Cambodia significant # but >70% children stil have one parent.
-Anyone can have access to children
- Mainly foreign funded =$.

Front 103

What did the phD student do for fieldwork of Cambodia to gather her info?

Back 103

-Interviews
- 85 key informants:

1) 31 orphanage workers
2) 76 orphanage directors/staff
3) 32 orphanage volunteers
4) 7 rep of NGO's

Front 104

Irony of orphanages:

Back 104

People think not needed: as think it would be better to live with relatives if no aprents.

However: 91.8% would donate.

Front 105

Why orphanages?

Back 105

-In N.Z. we wouldnt let it occur. 3rd world it is seen as alright as uncivilised etc.
- "Othering"idea: want to see 3rd world problems. Dont seem bad as they are seen as different and therefore accpet ways.
-Seen as racismnot to help cambodian children.

Front 106

What is the difference in the way the developing vs developed world are portrayed in media?

Back 106

-3rd worl: Suffering, starving, bloodshed.

Developed: hierarchy: we can help the inferior.

Front 107

Talk about the Khmer Rouge and the problems associated with tourism now?

Back 107

When: 1975- 1979
What: 1.5 out of 7 million killed

-Only knowledge for tourists sometimes before they visit: have idea people still suffering and children really unhappy , therefore they think its alright to treat in this way Cambodians just want to move on from this side of their history and not dwell.

Front 108

What is the white man's burden?

Back 108

-Tourist responsibility/right: educate and help Cambodia/orphanages-uplift from primitive form of society.

Front 109

What are development images, and what effect do these have on us?

Back 109

They are pictures of poverty:

- Children most common.
-Revolutionised imaginative geography
-Truth, not selective.

VICTIM IMAGES: Arouse emotions of viewer: try hlp orphan and prevent death.

RESULT:Chartable giving.

Front 110

Pornography of poverty:

Back 110

-Starving baby- demeaning to children and the area-viewed like this thereafter.
-Seems like reality for all.

Front 111

What are the connotations attached to poor, brown children?

Back 111

Weak, vulnerable and dependent on the 3rd world vs West world. We feel like we need to car and protect the children in their nations.

Front 112

Describe poverty tourism:

Back 112

-Cheap to visit poverty striken coutnries.
- Cambodia is one of poorest coutnries in Asia.
- Gape at impoverished and poor slum areas.
-Children and people shouldnt be tourist attractions in this respect

Front 113

What are the implications of orphanages for orphans?

Back 113

- Internalise that they are diferent
- Inferior
-Parade for people
-Disrupted education
-Not normal upbringing

Front 114

L1 (Module 3): Sustainable community development

Back 114

......

Front 115

What are some examples of sustanable community development in the world?

Back 115

-Canada: Slar panels, envir community centre, multpile story and dense housing.
N.Z.: 100% Pure logo (although K tink its wrng)
-Issues: Surfrs at Aromoana: dont want the to dredge spit off there as will ruin surfing spots.

Front 116

Describe the key concepts in geography?(5)

Back 116

a)Place: change in enviro=change in how think bout it
b) Space: Understand hw get resources and use them
c) Scale : Level enviro impact
d) Mobiiity: Mobile internet skies: news
e) Time: Interpret past, present, and future.

Front 117

How do physical nd human geography overlap in environemntal geography?

Back 117

EG: Oil spills, C.C.
-All things result human action/interference
-Phys/human enviro impacted
-ocal to global

Front 118

What is an enviornmental isue?

Back 118

-Things we valu personall in enviro destroyed or compormised: eg: C.C.m oil spills, mining:
-All invlve human and nature negative ineractions.

Front 119

What is ocurring with deep sea oil off coast of Dunedin?

Back 119

What? $100m test well
Where: Off Dunedins Coast
why? $, job increase for economic struggling times

Front 120

Define environment and resources?

Back 120

Eviro: Combo atmosphere, hydrosphere etc and biosphere: where we lie/other species, an where non-animate phenomena exist.
Resources: Forests, wildlife, minerals , petrol (sources from the enviro)

Front 121

What is the anthropocenic view?

Back 121

-Vlue defined rlative to human interests, wants and needs. Eg: Coal nd copper were not resources until we recognised, understood, and had tech to access/ apply them.

Front 122

Wht is the ecocentric/biocentric view?

Back 122

-COntrasting view which resources seen as existingindependently human wants an needs: eg Kiwi regardless of immediate value t people.

Front 123

What are the three worldviews concerning the environemnt, and what do these mean?

Back 123

1) Anthropocentric: Humans right to use/ destroy other species/nature as choose
2) Stewardship: Manage/care for enviro
3) Biocentric: All living: intrnsic value/rights regardless of how useful i is t us.

Front 124

What is E-waste nd why is it a conern?

Back 124

-Very tiny tecnology. Wast recycled by poor/children to take apart to sell ech component , occurs China, Afria, India (ie: Asia).

Front 125

Overall, what are environmental issues?

Back 125

-Impact enviro
-Reult human activity-range scales (Geog /temporal)
-Conflictual
-Uncertain

Front 126

L2 (Module 3): Sustainable commnity development:

Back 126

............

Front 127

What is entailed in socio-ecol system resilience?

Back 127

-Absorb shock, rebuild (stay qualitative -same state)
-Buzz Holling : Ecological economies- controlled set process and function of:

a) Amount change system can absorb
b) Degree system self organize
c) Ability to build capacity for learning and adapting

Front 128

Is Dunedins food system resilient?

Back 128

-Local/imported
-most food comes from Chch to Duendin (ie: hospital food included):

If floods etc occur cant get food-bad.

Front 129

What is the Millenium ecosystem assessement -2005?

Back 129

-5 yr report
-1000's scientists
-Impacts: ecosystems, biodiversity, ecosystem services

Front 130

What is the human impact on the structure of the ecosystem?

Back 130

-Convert to cropland
-20% coral reefs gone
-Hydro systems dammed
-Nitrogen flows increased
-Atmosphere changed

Front 131

What is the human impact on biodiversity?

Back 131

-Habitat loss
-Populations decreasing except humans
- Species distribution -homogenous/vulnerable
-Increased extinctions
-Genetic diversity decreased

Front 132

What are the human impacts on ecosystem services?

Back 132

-Flows and benefits receive well functioning ecosystems

3 kinds services:
a) Privsioning
b) Regulate
c) Cultural

Fish stocks fresh H20- severe threat
-25% global fish stocks overharvested
-5 to 25% fresh H20 se > long term supply.

Front 133

What was the N.Z. state of enviornment in 2007?

Back 133

-87% enviro classified as important/v. important
-Concern: Air quality, waste, industrial pollution and pests shifted focus to: H20 pollution and C.C.
-Economy depends enviro for primary production: forestry, fishery, as ($16B, tourism $8.4 B).

Front 134

What are the presures on the New Zealand environment?

Back 134

a) Consumption: How make decisins-price, enviro friendly: rends: consume > economic gnereates benefit Consume: increased resource/ waste/ transport/ energy issuees overtime.

b) transportation: N.Z. travel : increase since 1980's. Majority were motor vehicles. Public transport 1999 to 2000's increased use/ $ into it.

c) Energy: Impacts produced, build dams etc. 36% oils , lack renewable use enegy more efficient-insulate homes. 57% hydro in N.Z.B/f 2000: Wndfrms and solar.

d) Waste: How decoule from economic growth: low recycling-18%.

Front 135

What is the ecological footprint of our practices, what is reosurce use, and global biocapacity?

Back 135

-Measure human demand on ecosystem: compared to ecol capacity to regenrate
A) Resource use: Total production land and sea supply reosurces and assimilate waste/person.
b) Global biocapacity: Annual productive capacity of planet.

Front 136

What are some environmenta footprint comparisons?

Back 136

Carry capacity of earth=1.8 gha
Global av-2.7gha (1.5 planets)
N.Z.=3.3 planets
Aussy=3.7
India=0.49

food is biggest driver of ecol fotprint.

Front 137

What is natural capital?

Back 137

Stock natural assets yields flow valuable goods and services
-Renewable resources provide goodsservices indefinately, provided: managed sustainably and ecosystem structures remain intact

eg: Harvest resource at rate -regnerate

Overconsume: Beyond natural rate

Want ge tto Min resource use: for quality life.

Front 138

L3 (Module 3): Sustainable community development

Back 138

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Front 139

What /why did Paul Hawke say we should be optimistic about the environment?

Back 139

-Should be optimistic about positive environment work occurring on earth.
ie: Seoul Sth Korea: $900 million redevelop -highway to stream underneath/ Frieburg FC solar stadium, and Vancouver: Urban ag-increase jobs nd food security.

Front 140

What is the enviro impact equation?

Back 140

E =P x A x T

P= Population
A=Affluence (consumption)
T = Technology

Front 141

What is sustainable development?

Back 141

Brundtland (1987): Meet current needs w/o compromising future meeting own needs.
-Enthusiasm (vision) vs negative (opposers)

ie: Windfarms Otagi: decrease dependence on fossil fuels-better for landscape.

Challenges: Society, economy and enviro

Front 142

What occurred within the industrial revolution? (1790's to 1860)

Back 142

-Rapid economic growth fuelled by innovatioans-ag/energy use.
-Growth cities/local enviro problems
-Enviro- local and health
-Dark mills

Front 143

Describe the timeline of sustaianble development in modern environmentalism?

Back 143

1962: Rachel carson-Silent Spring-chem industry negative impact-enviro and humans: try to discreit science (people run-pesticides)

1972: Meadows,Meadows and Randers-limit to growth finite earth: address population growth/ resource consumption.
-Resource use increases exponentially, technology production grows linear: populations was 3.8B.
Sept 2013 (population): 7.17B

Front 144

Are we beyond our resource limits?

Back 144

-Too many people in world at moment?

Front 145

Give history of institutionalized environment?

Back 145

Federal Department -enviro (1970's)=flurry legislation to protect air, H20,
-Other govt department held to account.

-UN conference-Human Enviro (1972): Global solitary address enviro issues.

Front 146

What are population worldviews?

Back 146

a) Overpopulation=cause/causing resource depletion and eviro degradation (Thomas Malthus-1798)
b) Sufficient resources for all, but inequitable social /eco systems-maldistribution
c) Technlogy extend to world;s carry capacity and allow us overcome enviro problems
d) Increase people: increase human ingenuity to solve problems

Front 147

What did Malthus (1798) say about populations?

Back 147

Populations increase exponentially, food production plentiful- we are too lazy to decrease births.
-Need be more fair in distributing resources
-Increased life expectancy

Front 148

What is entailed in the formalizing of Sustainable developemnt timeline?

Back 148

1987: Brundtland report: Our Common Future formalises SD.
Also Montreal Protocol: ozone. Successful b/c:
-Agreed decrease CFC, science unknown at time-b/c didnt require people change, just production change.

Front 149

What is the timeline SD- Making commitments?

Back 149

1992: Rio Earth Summit-all organisations/govts endorsed Agenda 21 precautionary for change in behaviour.
1992: Beyond the limits to growth: > carrying capcity on earth
1997: Kyoto Protocal: Rich countries 6-10% below 1990 levels: decrease pollution N.Z. kept below 1990.

Front 150

What is the timeline-SD of New Millenium?

Back 150

2002: World Summitof sustainable development in Johannesburg
2005: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
2009-2013: Post Kyoto Framework for climate
2012: Rio and 20-Green Economy: reaffirmed commitment to S.D.m George Bush- C.C. issue need address nuclear wars.

Front 151

L4 (Module 3): Sustainable community development at global level:

Back 151

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Front 152

What is the problem globally with environment and peoples actions?

Back 152

-Lots of talking nd no actions
-We are above global carrying capacity
-Need change in view and our relationship

Front 153

What is the problem with enviro sustainability at global level?

Back 153

-Need to agree upon something
-Lots of tension and disagreement about action
-Hard create change in consumption patterns
Nth America and Canada: free trade agreement

Front 154

How can sustainable livelihoods be obtained?

Back 154

-Emphasising conditions ensure basic needs satisfied-blance with local environment: ie: Turtles on South Coast of U.S.: degraded beaches, and local indigenous people harvest eggs (unsustianable)

-Eco growth international goods-lots consumption (spending)
-Boom in consumption- very bad global ecosystems

Front 155

How do we live within the donut-enviro space? What is the difference between reformist and radical views on economic sustainability?

Back 155

Donut is a safe/just humanity space: ie: balance between C.C. and resource use.

Reformist:
1) Economic growth and ecological modernisation
2) Tech devt for enviro problems
3) Enviro slns co exist with social/political structures
4) Nature used by man
5) marketing change in envro practices is up to consumer.

Radical:
1) Limits to eco growth
2) Lack science/tech to fix
3) Radical social and political change
4) Intrinsic nature value

Front 156

Is technology actually progressing?If not , give example?

Back 156

Not especially:
1938: 250W T.V.
1980: 100W
2008: 250W

Now also have constant need keep on, and have more than 1 t.v.

Front 157

What is entailed in envio justice?

Back 157

-Combines civil rights and enviro protection to demand safe , health enviro for all.
-Social and enviro intertwine: blacks demand helathy enviro for all.

Front 158

What are some assumptions concerning readical enviro justice approaches?

Back 158

a) Places with more equal income distribution: increased enviro quality, U.S. very unfair eco and social systems
b) Enviro problems disproportionately impact poor: South Bronx- poor coloured people within waste areas have higher rates of asthma.
c) Sustainable development dependent equitable distribution resources on global/local scale: Mandela foods positive local impact.

Front 159

What occurred in West Oakland food desert example?

Back 159

-25K population
-60% below poverty line
-50% African Americans
-Life expectancy: 10 yrs below where should be
-Obesity epidemic- lots fast food and eating of processed food.

Response:
2001: 80 urban farms
-Over 10K pounds produce /yr
-Mandela Foods Cooperative 2008 (supermarket)
-Market

Outcomes:
-Increased health (food transported into each area)
-Systems based approach with positive outcomes for all

Front 160

Therefore, what is the best way to tackle environmental justice problems?

Back 160

- Local level focus: future enviro issues.

Oil: Eco development Minister Steven Joyce: N.Z.'s poorest Northland region E.Coast needs to drop opposition to oil and mining for economic growth.

Front 161

L5 (Module 3):Weak and strong sustainability

Back 161

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Front 162

What is entailed in the weak S.D. approach?

Back 162

-Anthropocentric (do what like to land)
-Technocratic ( technology to solve problems)
-Rational:
- Greener eco growth
-Enviro protection with strong, growing economy
-Need management /devt policies to deal with disaster (oil spill)

Front 163

What is the strong S.D. approach?

Back 163

-Social focus
-Economy used to develop
-Small scale self efficiency
-Live within limits, qualitative limits, no economic growth
-Economy-subset community
-Limits to growth/resources
-Qualitative devt.

Front 164

What is the best way to sustainably develop , and give example of place done this very well?

Back 164

-Local level sustainability most effective: as people feel impacts alot more

Toronto: Agenda 21
-Address sustainability issues: C.C., H20
-Midterm target 30% decrease emissions by 2020
-15% below 1990 levels in 2012.
-Capture methane from dumps
-Increased investment in reducing public transport emissions
-Restrict building to green standards

Front 165

What are the 5 principles of sustaianble community development?

Back 165

-Equity/long term thinking
-Live within limits
-Development different than growth
-Pariticipatory governance
-Systems think and integrated dicision making

Front 166

What is community capital and what are its componenets?

Back 166

-Break down of community solution to democratci processes. Avoid tradeoffs in paritcular areas: Includes:

-Natural capital
-Physical, economic, human, social, culutral

Front 167

What is natural capital?

Back 167

-Biophysical resources, iving systems, life support of planet.
-Imporve natural resources (soil, H20 etc) and minimal waste (solid etc)
eg: Green Roofs by Tornoto: help decrease heat island effect, greenspace, storm H20 runoff, biodiversity.

Front 168

What is physical capital?

Back 168

-Stock material resources: buildings, machinery, other infrastructure-contribute to community wealth

eg: Okotoks solar energy infrastrucutre-90% heat: collect energy, store, heat and efficient homes.

Front 169

What is economic capital?

Back 169

-Allocation resources and make decisions on material lives: $, investment, monetary system

eg: Kids-Hall Bistro and Catering Edmonton:
-City use purchasing power eco devt.
-Social enterprise for at risk youth (16-24)
-Money circulating local economy
-$ earned helps train next lot

Front 170

What is human capital?

Back 170

-Health, knowledge, skills= individuals contribute to creation peronal, social and community well-being.

Eg: Vancouvers City studio Table city: ask suggestions to see whats going on in area.

Front 171

What is social capital?

Back 171

-Relationships, network, strucutres, and institutions -facilitate collective action and shared understandings.

eg: Craik sustainable living project communities-$ built it.

Front 172

What is culutral capital?

Back 172

-Product shared experience: traditions, customs, values, heritage and identity.
-Enhance capital (cultural) by adding art, heritage , social history.

Front 173

What occurred at Vauban (freiburg, Germany)?

Back 173

-City improved aspects communit capital=more sustaianble
-Sustainable housing, cable, car, walked, no cars really.