Geog 102

Front 1

L1: Human Geography

Back 1

Study of earth's environment, people and interactions across space and time. Includes populations, geopolitical conflict, social/ cultural change, demographic data, analysis with space, political.

Front 2

Different geographical scales/overall skeleton:

Back 2

Ma anonu: A) International super rugby=global comp. B) National- why he plays Highlanders so he can play for A.B's-pride and culture. C) Regional: Otago stadium- what it means to people-is it better to use $ elsewhere.
D) Body: Way perceive nonu should look like and behave.

Front 3

5 key human geog concepts:

Back 3

1) Place
2)Space
3)Scale
4)Mobility/movement
5)Time

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1)Place:

Back 4

Meaningful site:Location: where is fixed.
Locale: Setting social relation links made-people /place-venue and whats in.
Sense-plce: Feelings/emotion -meaning assoc.

Front 5

Define space:

Back 5

Container things exist /occur in-surroundings/enviro. Fixed-different places relate in space.

Front 6

3) Define scale:

Back 6

a) Scale as size: Quantitative-big/scale-map.
b) Scale as a level: Quantitative : How respond based scale:Local-global.
c) Scale as relation: Framework- compare processes- observe/understand-relation and how fit.

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4) Define mobility/movement:

Back 7

Movement people across space. Ability to move (Mobility). Movement: Phys. action use transport/interact.
Prevent move-incarcerate.
Forced:Evict
Surveilled-CCTV.

Social diff=different mobility-race, gender etc.

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5) Define: Time/temporality:

Back 8

Quantifiable measure-aging, space /time linked. Shapes actions/reactions/perceptions.

Space/time compress: Decrease relative distance with increase tech.

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6) Turns in human geog:

Back 9

Since 1950's: Increase diversity of concept and spreading.

Quantitative turn-1960's: Striggle increase theory focus.

Radical turn-1970's: Reaction- quantitative
turn- socially irrelevant.

Cultural turn-1990's: Increase culture focus-replenish geog.
END L1

Front 10

Himilayas general info?

Back 10

-Store H20 for over 1 billion people.

Front 11

Tibetan Plateau

Back 11

Himilayas feed- rivers to China, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, pakistan

Front 12

Problems with water in areas

Back 12

Upstream use and reduce quality-India and Bangladesh

Front 13

Why and when did India split up?

Back 13

1947-different religious areas-political conflcit now.

Front 14

Nepal: Physical characteristics?

Back 14

Highly varied landscape/seasonal rain
-High rate runoff, erosion and sedimentation (Rugged topography, young geology, monsoon).: Lots water-1600mm-monsoon.
-Fragile ecosystme-prone to large floods, landslides etc.
-Lacks flat land hence high degree runoff to rivers.

Front 15

Nepal country background?

Back 15

Poor: Low GDP, 40% below poverty line. Majority rural-rely farms where health, food etc not great.

-Limited mobility W Nepal-rest country.
-Social inequality
-Lack crop growth
- Hard know opinions use.

Front 16

Hydro power nepal?

Back 16

Pot 83000MW. Lots $$ from export pot. Increase eco development with more money and electricity to rural areas.

Front 17

Impacts dams:

Back 17

Flood natural areas and hurt animals areas.
Decrease H20 quality
Kill fish/etc
Down river hydrol changes.

Front 18

Whos involved in dams, and what is controversy?

Back 18

Govt. of Nepal, builders, Aussy company, investors.

Controversy:
-Resettlement/social impacts.

-Enviro impacts.
-Resent ndia involved
-Alternatives=smaller scale hydro power.

Front 19

Scales of overall operation

Back 19

International:World commission of dams.
Regional: Asian development bank
National: Govt of Nepal and people
Local:resttlements.

Front 20

Research before go into such an area:

Back 20

Literature, theoretical framing, qualitative research: GOVT, Local people, activists, polititcians, donors, dam companies.

Front 21

Ways to undertake research:

Back 21

Analyse phys characteristics: Himilayas- mtn hydrology, climate etc.

Understand political systems and controversies-affected countries (Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh).

Evaluate local scale impacts- biophys and social
Ivestigate broad debates.

Front 22

L1 of people and environment:

Back 22

.............

Front 23

1) Place

Back 23

Describe/ understand , location-phys/human features of earth, and processes,systems, and interrelationships create features.

Front 24

2) Space

Back 24

Relationship b/w place and patterns of activity arise- use people make physical settings -live and work (1 community to the world).

Front 25

3) Environment

Back 25

-Physical and human dimensions:
Resources, maybe scarce/fragile, earth provides-life depends

Impact resources: Human activity

Wider social, eco, political, and cultural consequences-relationships-2.

Front 26

L2: Geography, people, environment, and development:

Back 26

....................................................

Front 27

What was US presidents Truman 1949-view on development?

Back 27

Share technology (science and industrial)=progress rest of world: Eurocentric view (European)-applied to elsewhere=inappropriate

Front 28

5 stages of Rostow's model of economic growth based-non communist society:

Back 28

1) Traditional society: (primitive tech)-pre 17th century UK

2) Preconditions-takeoff: Increase tech/transport (17th/18th century UK- ag revolution)

3) Take off: Rapid eco growth- invest amnufacturing (early 19th century UK)

4) Drive to maturity: Self sustain growth, invest 10-20 % national income tech /sophisticated (19th/20th century UK)

5) Age of high mass consumption: consumer goods and services, mass production lines (Ford cars) (US 1920's/30's, UK post war).

Front 29

Flaws-Rostows model:

Back 29

Unilinear- better time: not always-HIV Africa

2) Eurocentric: Suggests countries should follow Europe/US - many with colonial rules so different.

3) 5 stages, other areas: Ag, industry and service grow together.
4) Eco not devt model- increase eco/industrial investment, no care-humans 1960's India with ag.

Front 30

What year and what was the concern with economic growth models?

Back 30

1970's: Model didnt help poverty- grow without devt. (move out of poverty)=Equatorial Guinea-corrupt govt with oil to America etc. Focus must increase on needs- food, health, education.

Front 31

Describe the Dudley Seers model of dvt?

Back 31

True development only occur if reduce:
1) Povert
2) Unemployment
3) Inequality
4) (later): Peoples ability fulfil ambitions

Ie: Johannesburg: Nth wealthy, sth not- apartheid, live apart, harder for sth-walk to work etc. Development of 2 areas so close can be very different, hence, this model doesnt take this into account.

Front 32

What are the problems with Dudley's model?

Back 32

-3rd world=lack accurate/numbers of stas:Povert, unemploy, inequality.
- Dont always get all of national when do census -miss out important info.
- Census/household data collect=$, controversy, depends-skilled people.

Front 33

Describe what GNP is and what it stands for?

Back 33

Gross National Product: =Total domestic/ foreign value to residents.

Front 34

Problems with GNP measure:

Back 34

- Lack human wlefare state
-Nothing on spatial/social variations and inequalities.
- Inequality increase as GNP per capita increases
-Currency rate conversion with US can cause problems.

Front 35

Explain the human development index for measuring development of countries?

Back 35

1990's: Out by United Nations development programme=refelcts quality life/not eco.

3 indicators? Life expectancy at birth
Educational attainment-enrolment uni and schools

-Standard of living-GDP per capita.

Front 36

What are some countries on within HDI?

Back 36

1) Norway, 5) N.Z., 187) DR-Congo.

Front 37

Problems with HDI:

Back 37

Conceals spatial /social variations/inequalities.
-Reliability questioned.

Front 38

4 key contributions to people and environment debate:

Back 38

1) THomas MAlthus: Argued pop. increased -need more food, starve. Advocate positive and preventative checks pop growth.

2) The limits of growth: Seek manknd equilibrium

3) Ester BoserupAg grow- pop increased and density-promote food production systmes.

4) Earth summit Rio-1992: Sustainable devt-enviro friendly!!!

Front 39

L3: People and environment under pressure- BINNS

Back 39

.........................

Front 40

Development wise what is the poorest continent and what are some exapls to illustrate this?

Back 40

Africa:
GDP/capita:
Luxembourg= US$ 79851=richest
Sierra Leone=US$216
Burrundi=$106

Front 41

What is a country with high eco growth, not high development (people out of poverty etc):

Back 41

Equatorial Guinea.

Front 42

What is the largest country in Africa by land, then poulation:

Back 42

Algeria (land)=used be Sudan-split now to inslude Sth Sudan.
Nigeria (people- 150million)

Front 43

Are the countries south of the sahara rich or poor?

Back 43

Poor (richer=colonial=Morocco)

Front 44

Give some examples to compare the quality of life n Mali to Sierra Leone to New Zealand:

Back 44

Mali:
HDI rank=175
Fertility=6.9
Life expect=51.8
Under 5 death=218
Mean pop growth-%=3

Sierra Leone:
186
6.5
41
282
2.2

New Zealand:
5
2
79.2
6
0.8

Front 45

Understanding poverty in Africa:

Back 45

-Mot countries=>70% pop work: pastoralism, fishing, ag, live in rural areas.
-Traditional tech used ag-simple, effective.
-Own methods to overcome enviro problems- drought /pests, others too expensive and unavailable (fertilizer/machinry)
-Poorest- remote-lack facilities etc (H20, sanitation)

Front 46

What are the benefits for N.Z. to have ag as main industry?

Back 46

In recession-people always need milk and meant etc.

Front 47

What do palm bridges in Sierra Lone show?

Back 47

How poor some areas are!

Front 48

How do Nrthern Kenyans get over dry cliate?

Back 48

Use camels, goats, chickens-take t grass by rivr. Make gardens for crops/grind maize even though very poor.

Front 49

How did Pierre Gourou describe Africa o his colonial adventures?

Back 49

Gloomy climate, disease, soils, malaria with bugs.

Front 50

How does modern media presently portray Africa to audiences?

Back 50

Poverty, famine, drought, desertification.

Front 51

Who was a European explorer who classified different areas of Africa for living/colonialization?

Back 51

Sir Harry Johnsn (1905)

Front 52

4 categories of Johnsons thathe classed each area of Africa into?

Back 52

1) healthy colonizable Afria
2) Fairly halth
3) Unhealthy/exploitable
4) Extremely unhealthy.

Front 53

L3 continued:

Back 53

........................

Front 54

What was the reason for and when did colonialism occur?

Back 54

Fueled by industrialisation in Europe- British Empire grew. Started Africa in 1885: Algeria (France), Morocco.

Front 55

What was the war called between the Dutch and British in South Africa, when did it finish, and what was the result?

Back 55

Boer (farmer) war, Briatain won , but in 1910 made a union with Dutch.

Front 56

State the water related effect diseases in Africa?

Back 56

1) Bilharzia
2) River blindness
3) Guinea worm infection
4) Tsetse fly
5) Malaria
6) Yellow fever

Front 57

1) Bilhazia:

Back 57

Fresh H20 snails- slow or stagnant water, pee blood.

Front 58

2) River blindness:

Back 58

Infected black flies, turbulent rapid water (can make blind)

Front 59

3) Guinea worm infection:

Back 59

Tiny fleas drink H20 infected: small larvae guinea worm. Threalike parasitic worm (>1m) emerge flesh.

Front 60

4)Tsetse fly:

Back 60

Sleep sickness humans: bite infected fly.

Front 61

5) Malaria:

Back 61

Largest problem, kills >200million pr yr Africa. Need insecticide treated bed nets or anti malaria pills.

Front 62

6) Yellow fever

Back 62

>500 million at risk.

Front 63

How did the media play a part in getting aid to Africa, and when and where did this occur?

Back 63

Who: BBC
When: 1984
What: There was a famine in Ethiopia, due to political trouble (not giving necessities and military forcing out of area), and drought. BOy collapses on ground in interview-rrealise desperation.

WOLRDWIDE IMPACT, esp UK: Bob Geldof-Band Aid Live aid etc.

Front 64

Desertification in Africa: What is it, and whn was it 1st thought to be occurring?

Back 64

When: 1935 start, but drought 1974 =occur again?
What: desert expanding-climate change and increased aridity (Stebbing-1935), stated Royal Geog Society in West Africa- desertificatin occuring.
-Moving sand, destroy vege and man in way.

Front 65

When and where was desertification popularised?

Back 65

When: 1977
Who: UN conference in Kenya. Created map- desertification hazard in Africa.

Front 66

Define Sahara, Sahel, and Savanna:

Back 66

Sahara: Desert
Sahel: Shore of desert= sand/stone.
savanna:Tropical grassland.

Front 67

Difference b.w desertification and land degradation:

Back 67

1) Desertification: desert like conditions developed land-permanent removed from productive use, unless have really good irrigation (ISRAEL)

2) Land degradation: Reversed (more common), with good rain and sustainable land use. Africa lack $ do this.

Front 68

Questioning of desertification, who has done it?

Back 68

Binns, Ridley Nelson from UN Enviro Dept., and Gregne (climatologist):

All say not enough evidence to back up Sahara expansion.

-Bnns travelled to Mali to see: No sign of it. Niger River Delta has pot. to water whole of W Africa, but need infrastructure.

-Less famine: Oxfam help, and villagers know to harvest with string the wild rice seed etc.

Front 69

IPCC (2007) view of desertification:

Back 69

Almost 1/2 Africa land vulnerable: Poss loss wetland in Namibia, and deltas in Botswana.
- Contrary to their opinion: Warren and Butterbury (2004): Since 1984: Vege increased, rehab degraded land.