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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paleoecology |
All aspects of fossil living from fertilization to death |
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Taphonomy |
Aspects of fossil from death to discovery. |
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Six Modes of Fossil Preservation |
1.Unaltered soft parts 2.Altered Soft Parts 3.Unaltered Hard Parts 4. Altered Hard Parts 5. Leached Fossils 6. Biogenic Structures |
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Unaltered soft parts preservation modes
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1.Freezing
2. mummification 3.conservation trap (no air) |
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Altered soft parts preservation modes
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1. Anoxia (stagnation)
2. Rapid Burial |
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Unaltered hard parts
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1. Calcite (LMC, brachiopods, bryzoa, sponges)
2. Aragonite (molluscs and modern corals) 3. Silca 4. Phosphate (vertabrae bones) 5. Chitin/collagen 6. Cellulose |
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Altered hard parts 4 processes
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1.Recrystallization (from one mineral to another) 2.Carbonization (leaves thin film of carbon or graphite) 3.Permineralization (infill of porous skeletons with minerals that precipitate from fluids) 4.Replacement (dissolution of a skeleton while precipitating a new mineral) |
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2-D Leached Fossils
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skeleton dissolves leaving only a mold -inside fill is called an internal mold -outside casing is called an external mold |
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3-D Leached Fossils
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Core: internal features only
Replica: external features only Cast: Internal and external features |
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Biogenic Structures
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1. Biostrtification structures (stromatalites)
2. Trace Fossils (tracks, trails,burrows) 3. Coprolites |
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Glossifungites inchofacies |
-consolidated stiff mud, vertical -show how they were built (scratches, dig marks) |
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Trypanites inchofacies |
-Rocky coastline (hardground) -vertical |
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Teredolites inchofacies |
Borings into wood (vertical) |
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Skilithos inchofacies |
-vertical dwellings and escape traces -food predominantly in suspension -need to escape unfavourable environment -need to escape rapid sedimentation or erosion -usually packed together |
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Cruziana |
athropod, resting and feeding burrows -wave base to storm base -abundant food, predominately in the sediment -need for escape of storm sedimentation and predators |
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zoophycos |
extreme abundance of zoophycos -very low energy, with all food buried in the sediment -limited oxygen |
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Nereites |
-Grazing and farming traces -very stable environment, persistent over long periods -very little food, concentrated in thin layer on sea floor |
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Limiting Factors |
1. Sedimentological 2.Metabolic 3.Combination |
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Sediment factors |
-Grain size, substrate consistency, turbulence, turbidity |
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Metabolic Limiting Factors |
-light -salinity -food -oxygen -temp |
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Combination Limiting Factors |
-Depth |
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Grain Size Limiting Factor |
Epifauna: -sand is mobile -mud and gravel are less mobile Infauna: -burrowing is easiest in sand and hardest in gravel |
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Substrate consistency types |
-Hardground (Rock or Shell) -Firmground (stiff mud) -Softground (base sediment) -Soupground (soupy mud) |
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Hardground |
sessile epifauna: Attached or cemented infauna: borings not burrows |
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Firmground |
Sessile Epifauna: attached or cemented Infauna: Live in excavated burrows. No linings necessary. |
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Softground |
sessile epifauna: unattached or attched to loose shells or with roots. May require adaptations to avoid foundering in sediment Infauna: Live in burrows which may be lined to prevent collapse. |
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Soupground |
sessile epifauna: none Infauna: none (surface trials only) |
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Turbulence (water agitation) as a limiting factor |
-Favours filter feeding animals -detrimental to branching or fragile organisms |
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Turbidity (suspended sediment) as a limiting factor |
-detrimental to filter feeding animals -no effect to deposit feeders. |
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Large Umbonal angle |
Free swimmer, no need to be attached to ground |
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Bysally attached, small umbonal angle |
Attached to ground, not a free swimmer |
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3 light zones in ocean |
1.Photic 2. Disphotic 3. Aphotic |
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3 oxygen zones in ocean |
1. Aerobic/oxic (O2>1ml/L) 2. Disaerobic/disoxic (1-0.1 mL/L) 3. anareboic/anoxic (<0.1 mL/L) |
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Salinity Levels |
1. Freshwater: <0.5ppm 2. Brackish : 0.5-30 ppm 3. Eurysaline: 30-40 ppm 4. Hypersaline: 40-80 ppm 5. Brine: <80ppm |
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Individual |
Single organism |
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population |
group of individuals belonging to the same species |
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community |
all the populations that occur in a particular area at a particular time |
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eco-system |
units consisting of living and non-living components that interact with each other |
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trophic chain |
sequence of organisms through which energy and matter is transferred. |
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isomyarian |
muscle size and shape are the same |
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Anisomyarian |
Muscles are not the same size and shape |
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Monomyarian |
Only one muscle scar |
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Taxodont dentition |
-Numerous subequal teeth perpendicular to the hinge line |
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Dysodont |
-very few small teeth |
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Isodont |
-2 large teeth and sockets on each valve -prominent resilfer |
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Schizodont |
-2 large diverging teeth and sockets on each valve -perpendicular ridges and grooves on each tooth and socket |
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Heterodont |
-2-3 cardinal teeth and sockets below the beak on each valve, -elongate lateral teeth parallel with the hinge line -commonly modified -most common dentition in modern tropical bivalves |
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Pachydont |
-large, heavy blunt teeth on top valve -extinct |
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Desmodont |
-teeth are absent or reduced - |
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Growth lines |
-Record stages of shell growth |
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Concentric ridges |
thickening of the shell wall |
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nodes |
raised dots, width>height, isolated or in rows |
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Life habits on Hard substrates |
1.Cemented 2. Byssally attached 3. Boring |
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Swimming bivalves |
-large umbonal angle (>105) and have large abductor muscle -symemetric auricles for swimming |
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Byssally attached bivalves |
-Narrow umbonal angle -typically asymetric auricles for current alignment. |
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Reclining Soft Substrate Bivalves |
-loss of typical bivalve symetry thick left valve with coarse ornamentation rests on bottom with upper valve commonly thinner |
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Burrowing Soft Substrate Bivalves |
-Deposit feeding or filter feeding -pallial sinus and or a gape for the siphons -dentition is commonly weak -typically thin, streamline shells with no ornamentation except growth lines |
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How bivalves Burrow |
1. Circular (rocking back and forth) 2. moderately elongate (burial involving rocking) 3. Highly elongate (no rocking) |
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Burrow Speed to shell thickness |
-fast burrowers have thin shells -slow can have any shell thickness |
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Planispiral |
Coiling axis in single plane |
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Conispiral |
Coiling axis in 2 planes |
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Pseudiplanispiral |
top is not the same as bottom |
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iregular |
no coiling |
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Ecology of Gastropods |
1. Some use radula to graze on microbial mats 2. Suspension feeding gastropods were common in the paleozoic 3. Predatory gastropods use their radula to drill through shells |
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Gastropods before Revolution |
Thin, smoothed shelled, wide aperature |
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Gastropods after Revolution |
narrow aperture, thick shells, ridges and spines |
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Name of revolution that changed Gastropod morphology |
Marine Mesozoic revolution |
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Solutions to the Cepholopod buoyancy problem |
1. Endocenes 2.Beaded Calcified siphuncles 3. cameral deposits 4. cameral deposits and curved shells 5. Ascocone 6. Brevocone 7. Coiling |
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Types of Cephalopod shapes |
1. Longicones (elongate) 2. Brevicones (Trucated, fatter) 3. Nautilicone (convolute, evolute) 4. Heteromorphs |
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Types of Cephalopod suture |
1. Nautiloid 2.Goniatite 3. Ceratite 3.Ammonite |
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Cephalopod ornamentation |
1. no ornament to very fine 2. Fine to moderate 3. Moderate to strong 4. very strong |
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Cephlopod siphuncle types |
1. Nautiloidea 2.Actinoceratodia 3.Endoceratodia |
