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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are rocks? |
they are solid mixtures of minerals |
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what are the three basic categories of rocks? |
igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary |
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what Latin word do igneous rocks derive their name from? |
"ignis" meaning fire |
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how are igneous rocks formed? |
through the cooling and solidifying of magma |
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how are intrusive igneous rocks formed? |
intrusive igneous rocks form when magma trapped within the crust slowly cools underground |
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what are some characteristics and examples of intrusive igneous rocks? |
these rocks are typically coarse-grained, meaning made up of large crystal grains. Some examples include granite and gabbro |
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how are extrusive igneous rocks formed? |
extrusive igneous rocks form when lava (magma that has escaped from the crust) cools rapidly aboveground. |
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what are some characteristics and examples of extrusive igneous rocks? |
they are typically fine-grained or glassy, meaning that they are made up of small crystal grains or no crystals at all. some examples include basalt and pumice |
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how are sedimentary rocks formed? |
through the consolidation of sediments |
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why are sedimentary rocks often stratified? |
layers form in sedimentary rocks as a result of different types of sediments being deposited over time |
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how does consolidation occur? |
as sediment deposits build up, the weight of the deposit exerts pressure on the bottom layers, compacting them. Over time, the sediments in these layers cement together, forming solid stone |
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what does the term "evaporite" refer to and what are some examples? |
it refers to sedimentary rocks composed of minerals precipitated from salt water. some examples include limestone, rock salt, and gypsum. |
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what are some examples of sedimentary rocks composed of organic matter? |
limestone and soft coal |
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what does metamorphic mean? |
"changed form" |
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what are some things that can metamorphose rocks? |
heat (without melting), pressure, or exposure to chemicals |
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what are some types of sedimentary rocks? |
conglomerate, shale, sandstone, limestone, rock salt, gypsum, and soft coal |
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what are some types of metamorphic rock? |
gneiss, slate, quartzite, and marble |
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when did the Precambrian Era begin and end? |
4600 mil. years ago to 570 mil. years ago |
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when did the Paleozoic Era begin and end? |
570 mil. years ago to 245 mil. years ago |
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when did the Mesozoic Era begin and end? |
245 mil. years ago to 66 mil. years ago |
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when did the Cenozoic Era begin and end? |
66 mil years ago to present |
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what are the four Eras of geologic time? |
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
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what major geologic events occurred during the Precambrian Era? |
Precambrian shields such as the Canadian shield, Brazilian shield, African shield, and Australian shield were formed. |
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what major geologic events occurred during the Paleozoic Era? |
the Appalachians were formed and North America experienced periods when it was submerged under shallow seas |
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what major geologic events occurred during the Mesozoic Era? |
the formation of the Rocky Mountains began, the Innuitian Mountains were formed, and North America experienced periods when it was submerged under shallow seas |
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what major geologic events occurred during the Cenozoic Era? |
Ice sheets covered much of North America, the continents took on their current shape, and the formation of the Rocky Mountains was completed. |
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what significant Canadian landform was created during the Precambrian Era? |
the Canadian Shield |
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what significant Canadian landform was created during the Paleozoic Era? |
the Appalachian Mountains |
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what significant Canadian landform was created during the Mesozoic Era? |
the Innuitian Mountains |
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what significant Canadian landforms were created during the Cenozoic Era? |
the Rocky Mountains and the polar ice sheets |
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what are the factors that affect climate? |
Latitude, Ocean currents, Winds and air masses, Elevation, Reliefs, Near water |
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what are the three types of precipitation? |
Relief precipitation, Frontal precipitation, and Convectional preciptation |
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how many geological/physical regions does Canada have? |
7 |
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what are Canada's 3 lowlands? |
the interior plains, great lakes-st. Lawrence lowlands, and the Hudson bay-arctic lowlands |
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what are Canada's 3 highlands? |
the Appalachian mountains, Innuitian mountains, and the western Cordillera |
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what is Canada's largest and oldest geological region? |
the Canadian Shield |
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what area is known as "Canada's breadbasket" |
the Interior plains |
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what areas is known as "Canada's storehouse of metallic minerals"? |
the Canadian shield |
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what is the name of the prevailing winds over most of Canada that blow from west to east? |
the westerlies |
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in which of the geological regions are igneous and metamorphic rocks found? |
the Canadian shield |
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in which of the geological regions are sedimentary rocks found in? |
the interior plains, the St. Lawrence-great lakes lowlands, the appalachians, and the western cordillera |
