Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Earth is how old?
|
4.6 Billion years old
|
|
|
Inner Core
|
Solid Iron and Nickle
|
|
|
Outer Core
|
Iron and Nickle Liquid
|
|
|
Mantle
|
81 percent of planet. Composed of peridiosite (iron and magnesium)
|
|
|
Magnetic Field?
|
Movement of liqid outer core
|
|
|
Morhorvic Discontinuity (MoHo)
|
The earth that seperates the mantle from the crust
|
|
|
Granite rich in?
|
Silicon and Potassium
|
|
|
Oceanic Crust composed of?
|
Basalt (rich in iron, magnesium, and 52% silicon)
|
|
|
Oceanic or Continental crust thicker?
|
Continental. Oceanic is 7 kil thick. Continental is 35-70 kil thick.
|
|
|
Lithospere
|
Covers the earth up to 100 meters thick. upper portion of the mantle
|
|
|
Athenospere
|
melted mantle rock
|
|
|
mesosphere
|
from outer core to the remainding mantle
|
|
|
7 lithosperic plates?
|
pacific, south american, north american, african, eurasian, austrailian-indian, and antartic
|
|
|
the three types of plate boundaries are...
|
divergent, convergent, and transform (conservative)
|
|
|
process where one plate decends beneath another?
|
subduction. characteristic of convergent margins
|
|
|
rate of convergence
|
the rate at which lithosphere is consumed at convergent margins
|
|
|
convergent margins are characterized by
|
basins and a long linear chain of volcanoes called a volcanic arc
|
|
|
magma
|
silicate liquid under the earths surface
|
|
|
divergent margins
|
sites where new lithiospheric plates are being formed
|
|
|
what is fed to the oceanic floor via divergent margins?
|
crystal mush and magma
|
|
|
spreading rate
|
rate at which the two sides at teh end of the ridge incrimentally move away from eachother
|
|
|
middle atlantic ridge is where?
|
in the middle of the atlantic ocean seperating north/south america from africa and europe
|
|
|
What is the name of the mid ocean ridge seperating the cocos and nasca microplates from the pacific plate?
|
east pacific rise
|
|
|
the best known transform boundary in the world is what?
|
the san andreas fault system
|
|
|
What are the main driving forces of plate motion?
|
ridge push, gravitational sliding along the lithospere/athenospere boundary, slab pull, and convection
|
|
|
rate of seafloor spreading is equal to
|
rate of convergence
|
|
|
how are protons charged?
|
positively
|
|
|
how are neutrons charged
|
no charge
|
|
|
atoms atomic number
|
number of protons in nucleus
|
|
|
how are electrons charged?
|
negatively
|
|
|
standard state
|
number of electrons equals number of protons
|
|
|
ionic form
|
atom carries a charge
|
|
|
anion
|
negatively charged (more electrons then protons)
|
|
|
cation
|
positively charged atom (more protons then electrons)
|
|
|
oxidation number
|
charge that an atom would carry if in ionic form
|
|
|
Si
|
Silicon Ox# 4
|
|
|
Al
|
Aluminum +3
|
|
|
Fe
|
Iron +2 or +3
|
|
|
Mg
|
Magnesium +2
|
|
|
Ca
|
Calcium +2
|
|
|
Na
|
Sodium +1
|
|
|
K
|
Potassium +1
|
|
|
O
|
Oxygen -2
|
|
|
Cl
|
Chlorine -1
|
|
|
Minerals and oxidation
|
Minerals with internal atomic structure...sum of oxidation numbers must equal 0
|
|
|
2 groups of minerals
|
non silicate and silicate
|
|
|
non silicate
|
never have silicon in their formula (gold silver...)
|
|
|
silicate
|
built from silicon o2 tetrahedron (SI04 molecule) 4 ox to one silicon. (quarts, mica)
|
|
|
5 silicate groups
|
framework, sheet, double chain, single chain, independent
|
Im working on making a framework sheet for a single chain independent cd.
|
|
quarts and feldspar
|
framework
|
|
|
biotite and muscovite
|
sheet
|
|
|
amphiaboles (hornblende)
|
double chain
|
|
|
pyroxenes
|
single chain
|
|
|
olivines
|
independent
|
|
|
CaCO3
|
Calcite non silcate
|
|
|
SiO2
|
quarts , framework silicates
|
|
|
NaCl
|
table salt, non silicate
|
|
|
Fe2O3
|
hemotite, non silicate
|
|
|
KAISi3O8
|
Potassium Feldspar
|
|
|
(Mg,Fe)2 SiO4
|
Olivine, contains mag and iron
|
|
|
luster
|
the impression you have as llight is reflected off a mineral
|
|
|
metallic luster
|
galena, pyraite, gold, sliver, hemotite
|
|
|
non metallic luster
|
halight, sodium chloride, gypisum, calcite, calcium carbonite, quarts
|
|
|
glassy luster (vitrious)
|
quarts
|
|
|
Hematite
|
thick red brown streak
|
|
|
Calcite
|
bubbles with HaCl
|
|
|
pyrite
|
fools gold
|
|
|
Halight
|
3 directions of cleavige, salty taste
|
|
|
Calcite
|
3 directions of cleavage
|
|
|
quarts
|
conchodial fracture
|
|
|
fredrich mohs
|
devoloped index of hardness
|
|
|
Dont Catch Tigers Quietly Over Attacking Frightened Cats Getting Tired
|
Diamonds, Corundum, topaz quarts, orthoclase, apatite, flourite, calcite, gypsum, talc
|
|
|
All igneous rocks pass through a _________ state.
|
liquid
|
|
|
interesive
|
if magma solidifies in place.
|
|
|
extrisive
|
solified lava in place.
|
|
|
tefra/paraclast
|
all material blown out of the volcano
|
|
|
pyroclastic rock
|
solified debris that blew out of a volcano.
|
|
|
we can tell intersive and extrisive rocks apart by their...
|
texture
|
|
|
veneritic
|
when you can make out the crystals with your naked eye.
|
|
|
affanitic
|
you can not make out any crystals with the naked eye
|
|
|
large crystals can form when...
|
lava cools slowly
|
|
|
porphyritic texture
|
large visible crystals surrounded by grainy unshiny surface.
|
|
|
venotrix
|
the crystals on a igneous rock
|
|
|
matrix
|
the grainy part of a igneous rock
|
|
|
Gabbro has the same compositional equivlant as...
|
basalt
|
|
|
Diorite has the same compositional equivlant as...
|
Andesite
|
|
|
Granite has the same compositional equivlant as...
|
Rhyolite
|
|
|
Silicic SiO2 composition
|
greater then 66 weight percent
|
|
|
intermediate SiO2 composition
|
52-66 weight percent
|
|
|
mafic SiO2 composition
|
45-52 weight percent
|
|
|
ultramafic SiO2 composition
|
less then 45 weight percent
|
|
|
Silicic include
|
Rhyolites and Granites
|
|
|
Intermediates include
|
andosides and dhyorites
|
|
|
Mafic include...
|
Basalts and Gabbos
|
|
|
Ultramafic include...
|
peridotites
|
|
|
Bombs and Blocks
|
larger then 64 mm
|
|
|
Fragmented materials blown out of a volcano
|
TEPHRA/PYROCLAST
|
|
|
SIZES OF TEPHRA/PYROCLAST ARE...
|
BOMBS/BLOCKS= TENNIS BALLS...ASH...
|
|
|
VOLCANIC BRECCIA
|
PYROCLASTIC BLOCK THAT IS MOSTLY ROCKS
|
|
|
AGGLOMERATE
|
PYROCLASTIC ROCK COMPOSED MOSLTY OF BOMBS
|
|
|
SCORIA
|
GLASSY RELATIVLEY SOLICIC ROCK CONTAINING MANY SMALL HOLES CALLED VESICLES
|
|
|
TUFF
|
PYROCLASTIC ROCK COMPOSED MOSTLY OF ASH
|
|
|
LAPILLI TUFF
|
PYROCLASTIC ROCK COMPOSED MOSTLY OF LAPILLI
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE THREE PROMINANT TYPES OF VOLANOES?
|
STRATO (COMPOSITE), SHIELD, AND CINDER CONES
|
|
|
STRATO (COMPOSITE),
|
FOUND ALONG CONVERGENT MARGINS
|
|
|
SHIELD
|
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE HAWAIIN ISLANDS
|
|
|
CINDER CONES
|
CAN BE FOUND RESTING WITH THE SHIELD AND COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
|
|
|
CALDERA
|
DIAMETER OF VOLCANIC VENT LARGER THEN 1 KILOMETER
|
|
|
CRATER
|
DIAMETER OF VOLCANIC VENT SMALLER THEN 1 KILOMETER
|
|
|
a hoy a hoy
|
smooth lava
|
|
|
ah ah
|
large angluar chunks of lava
|
|
|
columunar joints
|
sharp jagged lava made cliffs
|
|
|
pillow lava
|
when basalts erupt under water- molten hot interior. wormy, pillow like extention
|
|
|
ignembright
|
bottom of volcanoe gases continue to flow
|
|
|
magma chambers
|
large pools of magma
|
|
|
dikes
|
move lava from one layer to another
|
|
|
sills
|
parallel pools of lava in rock underground
|
|
|
pluton
|
body of magma or equivlant
|
|
|
stock oppossed to batholithe
|
less then 100 square kilometers
|
|
|
magma forms by...
|
dehydration reactions and water-induced melting and pressure release melting
|
|
|
bowens reaction series
|
used to show how crystal settling can modify the composition of magma
|
|