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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an extreme natural event?
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A natural event that is highly uncommon and destructive
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What is a natural hazard?
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A natural event that does damage to people or to property
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What is a cultural hazard?
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A synthetic hazard
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Where abouts to cyclones form?
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Near the equator (latitude of 5-20) and at temperatures of 26.5C
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What does ITCZ stand for?
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Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
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What is the coriolis force?
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The constant rotation of the earth on its axis
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What is a tropical cyclone?
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A low pressure storm surrounded by high speed winds and rainfall
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What are storm surges?
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Storm surges are a byproduct of tropical cyclones made from heavy rainfall which causes the water levels to rise and spill over onto landmass
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What are the three main hazards of a tropical cyclone?
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Heavy rainfall, High winds, Storm surge
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What is the eye?
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The eye of the storm is the lowest pressure zone of the cyclone and has light winds
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What directions do cyclone spin in the southern hemisphere?
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Clockwise
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What are convection currents?
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Currents caused by rising heat which then cools and drops back down again
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What does warm moist air provide cyclones?
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Latent heat energy which allows them to move
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What is the average number of days a tropical cyclone lasts?
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6 days
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Where did cyclone sally hit and when?
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Cyclone sally formed north of the cook islands on the 27th of december 1986 and hit rarotonga
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What situations give birth to a tropical cyclone?
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5-15S of the equator when the temperature is high and the coriolis force is strong
most frequent between fiji and vanuatu from November to April |
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What happens to a tropical cyclone during the 'tracking' phase?
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Moves away from the east quarter just to the southwest then the south east
travels at speeds of 15-25kmph unpredictable, can suddenly change direction or speed |
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What happens to a tropical cyclone during the 'death' phase?
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Tropical cyclones die out when they move over:
cooler seas Landmass And when lose their heat and energy and moisture supply |
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What are the stages of a tropical cyclone?
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Processes on and above the earth
Warning and preparation Cyclone strikes Eye and after the eye Cyclone moves away Emergency response and recovery Rehabilitation |
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What effects did cyclone sally have on Rarotonga?
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Storm surges caused coastal flooding
coral debris was washed off the reef and onto the beaches coral debris blocked stream outlets and drains causing more flooding Storm surge, high seas and flooded streams caused erosion of sand dunes and beaches swollen streams and rivers deposited stones in towns and surrounding areas high rainfall caused severe flooding of rivers and marsh areas |
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What are the main effects of tropical cyclones on the natural environment
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Coastal erosion and depositation
Flooding of coastal areas or whole islands (by seas and rivers) Salinisation of soil Wind damage to vegetation |
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What effects do tropical cyclones have on society?
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Communities are cut off or accessibility is limited
loss of crops homes family members and evacuation and relocation are sometimes needed |
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What effects do tropical cyclones have on human life?
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drowning
landslides electrocution flying debris |
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Why are tropical cyclones so devastating to pacific islands?
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Because they are agricultural based the cyclones damage to vegetation and crops as well as tourism
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What were the main effects of cyclone sally?
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15.8 million dollars in damage
30 gov buildings destroyed Damage to concrete seawall |
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When and where did hurricane Katrina hit?
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August 23rd 2005. New Orleans
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How much of New Orleans was flooded by the 31st of August?
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over 80%
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How much damage did hurricane katrina cause?
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over 90 billion dollars
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What were the early stages of damage caused by hurricane katrina?
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Several breaches in the levees led to widespread flooding and isolated people on their rooftops as well as cutting power.
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Why did hurricane katrina cause so much damage?
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49% of new orleans was under sea level and the levees which were suppose to stop the water ended up trapping it inside the city.
Most of the people were unable to evacuate. Lack of communications |
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How many fatalities were caused by hurricane katrina?
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1464 dead.
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What were some of the social effects of Hurricane katrina?
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The social disruption led to wide spread looting and crime. Armed robberies and gang crimes rose to the state that they had to withdraw people looking for survivors to contain the crime
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What are the 11 IGIS?
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Location
Distance Accesibility processes patterns region interaction change system culture perception |
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What does location mean?
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`Where people or natural features are located/positioned
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What does Distance mean?
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how fare away or apart people or features are
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What does accessibility mean?
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how easy it is for people, ideas or things to move
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what does processes mean?
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a series of related events or actions
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What does patterns mean?
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The distribution of natural or cultural features, how thing are arranged
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What does region mean?
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an area with a distinctive natural or cultural features
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What does interaction mean?
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When two or more features in an environment affect each other
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What does change mean?
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when natural or cultural features or environments alter
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What does system mean?
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a set of natural or cultural features linked together to form a whole
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What does culture mean?
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A common way of life
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What does Perception mean?
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the way people view or see their environment
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What does SECRETS mean?
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Services
Employment Climate Relief Entertainment Trade Soils |
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What does services mean?
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Federally provided service such as national health care or resting homes etc
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What does employment mean?
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Job opportunities and wider job listings
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What does Climate mean?
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The temperature and weather of the area
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What does Relief mean?
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the flatness or bumpiness of the ground, hills etc
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What does Entertainment mean?
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Mod cons such as movie theaters, resteraunts, casinoes etc
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What does Trade mean?
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Trading opportunities, e.g if it has a port and accessibility to trade with other areaas
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What does Soils mean?
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How fertile or unfertile the soil is for agricultural means
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What does LUNAC mean and what does it represent
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LUNAC is where the majority of our population is distributed throughout new zealand and it stands for:
Lowland areas Urban areas North Island Auckland Coastal areas |
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What are the benefits of an aging population?
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More money from industries
Child rearing Wisedom Less violent crime |
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What are the negative impacts of an aging population?
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More land dedicated to low maintenance housing units and more resting homes.
Companies and schools have to change their operations to suit the older population Less money in the government from pensions Higher crime rate from youthful population Pressure on family members Pressure on services |
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How do you work out population density?
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Total population/landmass (total area)
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What are the issues associated with New Zealand's population distribution?
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Urban areas dominate
Jobs facilities and services are not evenly spread out Rural areas can become deprived with limited services and facilities Overcrowding and pressure on resources, services in urban areas Urban growth spreading to farmland |
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What are the factors which lead to sparsely populated areas?
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Cold temperatures
Infertile soils Steep rugged relief Poor accessibility These features make development and farming difficult so only support low population densities. |
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How do you work out natural increase?
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Death rate-birth rate
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What are the properties of a stage one demographic transition model?
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High fluctuating population
Birth rate and death rate are both high Population growth is slow and fluctuating |
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What are the reasons why birth rates are high in stage one?
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Lack of family planning
High infant mortality rate Need for workers in agriculture Religious beliefs Children are economic assets |
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What are the reasons why death rates are high in stage one?
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High levels of disease
Famine Lack of clean water and sanitation Lack of health care War Competition for food from predators Lack of education |
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What are the properties of a stage two demographic transition model?
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Population Early Expanding
Birth rate remains high. Death rate is falling Population begins to rise steadily |
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What are the reasons why death rates are falling in stage two
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Improved Health Service
Improved hygiene Improved sanitation Improved food production and storage Improved transportation for food Decreased infant mortality rates |
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What are the properties of a stage three demographic transition model?
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Late Expanding.
Birth rates start to fall Death rates continue to fall Population rising |
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What are the reasons for this?
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Family planning available
Lower infant mortality rate Increased mechanization reduces need for workers Increased standard of living Changing status of women |
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What are the properties of a stage four demographic transition model?
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Modern Society
Birth rate and death rate are both low. Population steady |
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What are the reasons for this?
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Further improved technology
Higher standard of living More career options |
