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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Palestine time period
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2600 BC -500 AD
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Palestine location
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easternmost lands of the Mediterranean Sea,
modern day Turkey and Lebanon |
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Environmental Advantage:
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Crossroads of Trade
geographically between Egypt and Mesopotamia --> achievements are business NOT agriculture |
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What type of people were the Palestinians
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Semites -2nd biggest migratory group,
migrated through the great deserts of Africa and Middle East |
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4 different Semitic groups
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1. Lydians
2. Phoenicians 3. Arameans 4. Hebrews all 4 coexist in collective dates, cohabited in different parts of Palestine |
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Lydians location
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resided off the coast of Turkey; consisted of city-states
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Lydians' major achievements
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1.mastered 3 scientific metallurgies,
2.founded the standard coinage for ancient+medieval history, 3.they mastered accounting--> uniform business record-keeping |
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3 metals founded by Lydians
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Gold, Silver, Copper
realized they were rare, but not rare enough to not have enough to make coins |
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Lydian currency
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Lydian coins had the greatest range and greatest longevity on Ancient history
used by all other groups in Palestine and used all the way to the India-Chinese border --> got rid of the barter system --> allows you to store wealth |
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Phoenicians location
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lived in Lebanon war near present-day Beirut, coastal
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Phoenicians' achievements
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1. colonized Mediterranean Sea
2. introduced science of Cartography 3. mastered trade winds 4. built cargo vessels 5. created the navigational tool called the sextant 6. created Mercantilism 7. created the world's first alphabet |
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cartography
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uniform map making
north is up, ocean is blue, etc. |
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trade winds
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predictable winds, you can't go straight from A-B, you pinball your way to your destination
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cargo vessels
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huge vessel, highly maneuverable with 3-5 masts,
each mast has more than 1 sail there is always a crew on deck to maneuver vessel with the ropes connected the sails |
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sextant
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navigational tool,
similar to telescope, only works at night and you use triangulation with 3 different stars to find where you are cant work when its cloudy or during the day |
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colonization of the Mediterranean Sea
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over 60 colonies spread over the Med. Sea
most fundamental trade route until 1400s AD |
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Mercantilism Model
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-ship raw materials to center (Beirut)
-ship back finished goods -colonies can only produce the raw materials that the hub declares -is not the most efficient way b/c it would be better to have the raw materials turned into finished goods where the materials originally exist. |
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purpose of Mercantilism
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1. keep colonies dependent on mother country
2. raw materials benefit mother country not colony -mother country artificially lowers price for raw materials and highers price for finished goods -one colony cannot deal directly with another colony to keep the colonies deunified |
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Phoenician Alphabet
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world's first alphabet,
made sounds instead of pictures they created it to send written messages across the sea couldn't be open to interpretation because then they wouldn't be able to understand |
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Arameans location
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single city state in present-day Syria, in Damascus the city
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Arameans' achievements
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1. opened up the Sahara and Arabian deserts to trade and commerce
2. mapped the deserts 3. created topographic maps 4. domesticated the camel 5. opened up trade routes all the way eastward to the borders of China 6. spoke Aramaic- world's first lingua franca |
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mapping the Sahara and Arabian deserts
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-indicated the oases
-showed wind patterns -showed mountain ranges -showed natural migration corridors |
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Aramaic-
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lingua franca- trade language
-business language -usually the language of the group who lives in the middle of these trading groups |
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Hebrews achievements
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-monotheism
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Judaism
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monotheistic, God named Yahweh,
his nature, how he treated people and how he expected people to treat each other was very different from the polytheists --> expects his people to behave by a moral law --> they bring morality into religion --> civilization has a moral basis and functions more civilized |
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North China Plain Dates
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1800 BC - 1200 BC
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North China Plain location
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North-Eastern China - where present day China and Mongolian border meet
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Environmental Realities
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positive:
-Hwang Ho (Yellow River) floodplain 200 miles with yellow silt -Loess of Gobi Desert negative: -overpopulation -monsoon cycle |
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Yellow Silt
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floodplain is near Peking/Beijing
#1 most fertile soil in the Ancient World --> China is going to be the most advanced agricultural civilization |
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Loess of Gobi Desert
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Gobi Desert is 300 miles north of floodplain
within top 10 most fertile soils every Jan-March phenomenally strong winds hit Gobi Desert and blow south to the floodplain the air is so saturated it drops the fine soil --> invented the bandana to keep the dust out of your nose and mouth so you could breath if you had to go outside |
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Monsoon Cycle
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1. a period of 4-6 weeks of flooding, rains for 24/7, total down pour --> flooding and erosion
2. 3-4 months of drought (no source of water for fields) 3. 4-6 weeks flooding 4. 3-4 months of drought |
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Overpopulation
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at all recorded times, the North China plain suffered from overpopulation
always dangling on the border between surplus and subsistence during their subsistence periods they have no new achievements BUT during subsistence they expand to find more land and resources to feed their people |
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Who are the Han Chinese?
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1 of 1000s of tribes in China at 5800BC
5800-2000BC they conquered all of the tribes surrounding them into the present-day Chinese borders -fully acculturated another tribe in one generation -become "hanized" 2000BC-1200AD they went beyond China's borders and conquered: Japan, Vietnam, Mongolia, Koreas --> East Asia -when they conquered these areas, the groups were not 100% acculturated but largely |
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Why did the Han expand to create East Asia?
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when they dipped to subsistence level b/c of nature, they had to focus on mother country but then they would recover and focus back to conquered area. They would expand when they suffered from overpopulation and they would have to 'rub elbows' with 'barbarians'
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Middle Kingdom
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between upper kingdom and lower kingdom; all of East Asia is Middle Kingdom
-they are culturally above everyone else -b/c of their values and beliefs and intellectual activities -everyone else is barbaric |
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Effects of Middle Kingdom
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-they are highly isolated by choice
-great wall of china was built to keep the barbarians out of Middle Kingdom |
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Two Mast Junk story
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1217 AD
discovered way to create Two Mast Junk that would be able to travel the open seas, executed everyone who helped create the science of the two mast junk b/c they were afraid of what would happen: didn't want the knowledge to fall into the hands of the barbarians, they didn't want the barbarians to come to the Han in masses, they would pollute the Han |
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Expanding across East Asia
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they expand when they suffer from overpopulation
but they justify it that they acculturate the barbarians so they become pure eventually |
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Status System
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is based on how important your labor is to the group:
1 Farmer-directly work with environmental advantage 2. Soldier-usually work with farmers, backup system 3. Craftsmen-create tools for first 2 4. Administrator-coordinate activities of first 3 5. Banker-just about merchants 6. Merchant-have to deal with outsiders sometimes |
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Civilizing Activities of Chinese
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1. Hillside terracing
2. Staples: Rice and Bamboo 3. Folk housing: Bamboo housing 4. Domesticated: -Goat -Donkey -Pig -Chicken -Duck |
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Hillside Terracing
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16-22 levels-different crop at each level
bottom 4-8ft tightly backed rock to prevent erosion and flooding closer to coast--> taller rock layer b/c there is more flooding Hierarchy of Water Needs Interlocking System |
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Hierarchy of Water Needs
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different plants need different amounts of water,
pour water at the top of the hill and water spirals down the terrace put the plants that need the most water at the top of the hill --> have specific combos |
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Interlocking System
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different plants grow in different directions
you want the plants to grow together so that they cover the whole terrace reduces erosion during monsoon season |
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Rice
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global staple
flooded fieldcrop in order to come to maturity, rice seeds need to be totally submerged at some point grown on the flatland around the terraces comes to maturity in 8-10 weeks plant during monsoon season comes matches the period of time that the land is flooded 2 harvests per year |
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Bamboo
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also grows on flat land and 2 harvests a year
used for construction can be quickly replaced, their houses get destroyed often during monsoons |
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Folk Housing
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take tallest stalks 8-10 ft and plant them in the ground and then build on top of those
--> keep it above the flooding, -deliberately leave spaces in the floor, roof, and walls to allow sunlight through to the ground underneath so they can plant crops |
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Domesticants-goat and donkey
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goat and donkey-strong, hard-working, sure-footed animals, carry the water up the terrace to water plants, carry raw materials and finished goods along narrow footpaths to different communities
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all domesticants
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scavengers
they can live on a diet of just about anything including things a human cannot eat, live on scraps, can live off the natural vegetation and dont take away land to producse food for these animals |
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Indus and Ganges dates
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5000BC - 1500 BC
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Environmental Realities
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Positive:
Indus River- 2 floodplains (Mohenjo-Darro) Ganges -iron ore Negative: overpopulation monsoon cycle |
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by 1500 BC
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the people from Pakistan to Bangladesh share a common culture
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3900 BC
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Mohenjo and Darro come into contact
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3250 BC
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they have a common body of knowledge 2--> 1
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2700 BC
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through exploration, they found a spot in the Ganges that has a huge deposit of iron ore --> founded a 3rd city there called Harrapa
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Harrapa
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transplanted civilization along Ganges river near iron ore deposit. they have the same knowledge of mohenjo-darro
2300 BC |
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1500 BC
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entire area is filled in by same civilization Pakistan-India-Bangladesh = West Asia
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Caste System
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pre-Hindu caste system- allowed for hinduism to spread easily in the region
-16 levels -castes -lowest level- untouchables -top level=bramen/priestly- one step away from the gods when a new soul is created it goes in the untouchables, they will be reincarnated depending on your holiness achieved -cant achieve holiness in one lifetime --> can only work with those in your caste |
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Indus/Ganges achievements
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1. Upland Crop Rotation
2. Domesticated the Horse 3. Perfect Copper Metallurgy |
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Upland Crop Rotation
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planted on hillside terraces, applied crop rotation to this
Han took their concept despite hate for outsiders |
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Perfect copper metallurgy
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had no choice before they discovered the iron ore, but to work with copper and thus they perfected it because they worked with it so much.
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Steppes, Deserts, and Threatened Lakes of the Eurasia Heartland
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Environmental Geography of Eastern Asia:
Shrinking Aral Sea Environmental issues: Fluctuating Lakes, Desertification, Deforestation Physical Regions: Highlands, Plains&Basins Effect of Global Warming |
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Densely Settled Oases Amid Vacant Lands
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Population Settlement in Central Asia
Highland Population and Subsistence Patterns-pastoralists Lowland Population and Subsistence Patterns -where basins meet mountains Population issues: -immigration from former ussr to russia industry urbanization: -old cities vs. new cities |
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A Meeting Ground of Different Traditions
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Cultural Coherence in East Asia:
History: Steppe Nomads & Silk Road Traders -pastoralism, Contemporary Linguistics: Turkic vs. Indo-Euro -Russian, Chinese, Tibetan Religion: -Islam vs. Buddhism |
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Political Reawakening in a Power Void
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Geopolitical Framework in Central Asia
Partitioning of the Steppes: russia/china Communist Rule:socialism, 'republics' Current Tension: -Tibet -no freedom in Turk, -War in Afghanistan Global Politics: -US role, -relations with China/Russia Shanghai Cooperation Organization |
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Abundant Resources, Struggling Economies
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Economic&Social Development in Central Asia
Economics: -post-communism, Kazakhstan most developed, Tajikistan & Mongolia are worst -Afghanistan is poorest -Western China is growing, but Tibet Social Development: -high conditions from commi rule, now disintegrating -afghanistan-women rights -western China-ignored |
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Resource Pressures in a Crowded Land
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Environmental Geography in East Asia
Problems: Dams, Flooding, Soil Erosion -The Three Gorges Dam -Flooding in Northern China + Erosion on Loess Plateau Deforestation & Desertification Pollution -esp in China Global Warming Geography -regions in Japan, -north vs. South in China |
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A Realm of Crowded Lowland Basins
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Population and Settlement in East Asia
Japan: farming and settlement in lowlands urban in Taiwan and Korea China Agriculture: rice (N) wheat (S) -most live in southeast close to coast Global Dimensions: -China recent big food importer, Urbanization: -China-central place theory -urban primacy in japan, korea, taiwan |
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A Confucian Realm?
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Cultural Coherence and Diversity in East Asia
Writing Systems Confucian Legacy Religious Unity Linguistic and Ethnic Diversity Global Context |
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Enduring Cold War Tensions
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Geopolitical Framework in East Asia
Rise of China Rise of Japan Post- WWII nuclear issues |
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An Emerging Core of the Global Economy
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Economic and Social Development in East Asia
Japanese Economic System +living standards Newly Industrialized Taiwan + S Korea Chinese Development -SEZs, regional differentiation -social conditions |
