Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Taiga
|
-boreal/coniferous forests in northern Russia
-major export |
|
|
Podzoil Soils
|
-highly acidic, reddish soils, bad for farming
-central Russia (Belarus) |
|
|
Chernozen Soils
|
-black, rich, fertile soils, good for ag in southern Russia
-wheat, corn, beets |
|
|
Volga River
|
interconnected with canals throughout Russia, drains into the Caspian Sea
|
|
|
Ural Mountains
|
-dividing line between eastern Russia and Siberia
|
|
|
Tundra
|
Arctic region with a short growing season in which vegetation is limited to low shrubs, grasses, and flowering herbs
|
|
|
Caucasus Mountains
|
-to Russia's extreme south b/w Black Sea and Caspian Sea
|
|
|
Trans-Siberian Railroad
|
Key southern Siberian railroad connection completed during the Russian empire (1904) that links European Russia with the Russian Far East terminus of Vladivostok
|
|
|
Tsars
|
Russian term for "Caesar," or ruler; the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution
|
|
|
Russification
|
A policy of the Soviet Union designed to spread Russian settlers and influences to non-Russian areas of the country.
|
|
|
Mikrorayons
|
large, Soviet-era housing projects of the 70s and 80s
-massed blocks of apartment buildings |
|
|
Dacha
|
Russian country cottage used especially in the summer
|
|
|
Principality
|
Sovereign state ruled by a prince
|
|
|
Cossacks
|
-Slavic-speaking Christians who had earlier migrated to Russia to seek freedom in the ungoverned steppes.
-aided Russian expansion into Siberia -good horsemanship |
|
|
Russian Languages
|
-Slavic sub-family dominates: Russian, Ukranian, Belaroussian
-Native Siberian (Buryat, Yakut) -Transcaucasia (Georgian, Armenian) |
|
|
Russian Religions
|
-Most Russians, Belaroussians, and Ukrainians are Eastern Orthodox Christianity...also many Jews
Transcaucasia=Islam Far East/Siberia=Buddhism |
|
|
Socialist Realism
|
Art style devoted to the realistic depiction of workers heroically challenging nature or struggling against capitalism
|
|
|
Bolsheviks
|
A faction of Russian communists representing the interests of the industrial workers, seized power within the country
|
|
|
Lenin
|
Main architect of the Soviet Union
|
|
|
Russian Exclave
|
-Kaliningrad
-a portion of a country's territory that lies outside of its contiguous land area |
|
|
Major allies of USSR
|
Cuba, North Korea, Angola
|
|
|
Glasnost
|
greater openness to outside influences in 1980s by Mikhail Gorbachev
|
|
|
Perestroika
|
planned economic restructuring by Mikhail Gorbachev aimed at making production more efficient and responsive
|
|
|
Lenin
|
main architect of Soviet Russia
|
|
|
Stalin
|
Chief architect of collectivism
|
|
|
Gorbachev
|
greater openness and economic restructuring
|
|
|
Boris Yeltsin
|
head of the Russian Republic who ended Soviet Russia
|
|
|
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
|
loose political union of former Soviet republics established in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
|
|
|
Denuclearization
|
the return of nuclear weapons from outlying republics to Russian control and their partial dismantling
|
|
|
Group of 8
|
collection of powerful countries that confers regularly on key global economic and political issues (US, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia)
|
|
|
Chechnya
|
wanted to be independent but Russia brought in military support
|
|
|
Centralized Economic Planning
|
state sets production targets and controls the means of production (by Stalin)
|
|
|
Oligarchy
|
small minority in gov't that owns a lot of business
|
|
|
Dessication
|
the drying up of lakes and wetlands
|
|
|
Central Asia climate
|
mostly arid and dry
in the north more rainfall and closer to Siberian taiga |
|
|
Steppes
|
semiarid grasslands...grasses are usually shorter and less dense in steppes than in prairies
|
|
|
Central Asia pop & settlement
|
-sparsely populated b/c of altitude and settlement
-many are pastoralists |
|
|
Loess
|
-in lowland central Asia
-fertile, silty soil deposited by the wind |
|
|
Fergana Valley
|
-productivity and easy irrigation
-Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan |
|
|
Amu & Syr Darya Rivers
|
centers of civilization for Central Asia..origins of culture
|
|
|
Central Asia language/ethnicity
|
Turkic (#1) and Mongolian dominate language and ethnicity
Tibetan dominates the plateau |
|
|
Hazaras
|
central mountains of Afghanistan
Dari-speaking |
|
|
Tajiks
|
west and north Afghanistan
Dari-speaking |
|
|
Central Asia religion
|
Islam and Tibetan Buddhism
|
|
|
Taliban
|
extremist organization that insists that all aspects of society conform to its own strict version of Islam orthodoxy
|
|
|
Partitioning of the Steppes
|
China conquered the nomads of Central Asia & continued to move west
|
|
|
The Great Game
|
Russia wanted Kazakhstan and GB wanted to connect southern territories (and Afghanistan)
Russia won |
|
|
Mujahideen
|
Muslim involved in a jihad (religious duty) who is fighting a war
|
|
|
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
|
seeks cooperation on such security issues as terrorism and separatism, aims to enhance trade, and serves as a counterbalance against the US
|
|
|
East Asia climate
|
mainland=drier
Island=wetter similar to US |
|
|
Alluvial Plains
|
low-lying, rich, fertile
|
|
|
North China climate
|
colder, drier (possible desertification), hot, humid summer
|
|
|
South China climate
|
rugged, milder, humid climates
|
|
|
Japan climate
|
mostly mountainous, many forests (strict conservation), mild, wet climate
|
|
|
Pollution Exporting
|
Exporting industrial pollution and waste to other countries...via dumping them there or building factories there
|
|
|
Taiwan climate
|
mountainous, forests, mild winters, typhoons in the autumn,
|
|
|
Manchuria climate
|
broad, fertile lowland, cold winter, warm, moist summer, well-preserved wildlife and forests
|
|
|
Korean climate
|
north has many natural resources, is like main, south has rich lowlands, is like carolinas, dividing line serves as wildlife refuge
|
|
|
China environmental issues
|
deforestation (planting unsuccessful), erosion/overgrazing in Loess plateau, rivers flooding, 3 gorges dam
|
|
|
Yaodong homes
|
homes built in caves (Loess plateau)
|
|
|
China crops
|
rice in the south, wheat, sorghum, millet in the north
|
|
|
Urban Primacy
|
in South Korea (Seoul): concentration of an urban population in a single city (center of economic, political, and cultural life)
|
|
|
Superconurbation
|
Tokaido Corridor: huge zone of formerly separate metropolitan areas that are now joined together
|
|
|
Sashimi
|
raw seafood
|
|
|
Sushi
|
vinegared rice
|
|
|
Ideographic writing
|
each symbol represents an idea, not a sound
|
|
|
Hiragana
|
Japanese, used for indigenous language, each symbol stands for a particular vowel-consonant combination
|
|
|
Katakana
|
Japanese system for spelling words of foreign origin
|
|
|
Kanji
|
Japanese word for Chinese characters
|
|
|
Confucianism
|
Philosophical system developed by Confucius in the 6 century bce (how to lead a correct life an organize a proper society)
|
|
|
Buddhism
|
dominant universalizing religion
Mahayana is non-exclusive (can be multiple religions--get help attaining nirvana) |
|
|
Shinto
|
Japanese religion, way to be in harmony with nature
|
|
|
Taoism
|
Chinese religion, harmony with nature
|
|
|
Feng shui
|
designing buildings in accordance with the principles of cosmic harmony and discord that supposedly course through the local topography
|
|
|
Marxism
|
communist belief system developed by Karl Marx...atheistic
|
|
|
Japanese culture
|
relatively homogenous, but Ainu ppl of Hokkaido are discriminated against for long beards and different cultural practices
|
|
|
Korean culture
|
generally homogenous, difference b/w poor N Korea and S Korea
|
|
|
Diaspora
|
scattering of a particular group of people over a vast geographical area
|
|
|
Han Chinese
|
Mandarin Chinese (national tongue, means language of high officials), also Cantonese
|
|
|
Non-Han Chinese
|
-more remote upland districts, tribal
-speak Manchu, swidden agriculture |
|
|
Hallyu
|
The Korean Wave (culture increasing in popularity)
|
|
|
The Great Wall of China
|
keeps out Manchuria, Mongolia
|
|
|
Spheres of Influence
|
area on formally colonized, but Europe had informal influence and economic influence (Britain, Russia, France, Germany, US)
|
|
|
Shogun
|
The true ruler of Japan before 1868, as opposed to the emperor, whose power was merely symbolic
|
|
|
Meiji Restoration
|
Japan changed gov't to mirror western gov't to avoid war with U.S., didn't give the emperor any real power (who were demanding trade access)
|
|
|
Japan owned:
|
Kuril Islands, Koreas, E. China, Taiwan, SE Asia
|
|
|
Chaebol
|
family run, gov't assisted conglomerates, (Samsung, Hundai, LG, etc)
|
|
|
Laissez-faire
|
market freedom, with little governmental control (Hong Kong)
|
|
|
Great Leap Forward
|
demanded that small-scale village workshops produce the large quantities of iron needed for sustained industrial growth (China)
|
|
|
Chinese Cultural Revolution
|
aimed at mobilizing young people to stamp out the remaining traces of capitalism
|
|
|
Special Economic Zones
|
foreign investment welcome and state interference minimal (free trade)
|
|
|
Monsoon
|
distinct, seasonal change of wind direction, which corresponds to wet and dry seasons (heavy rains during the summer)
low pressure cell sucks in water from ocean and dumps it |
|
|
Himalayan Mountains
|
forms northern borders of India, Nepal, and Bhutan
|
|
|
Plate tectonics theory
|
Himalayan mntns formed by collision of Indian and Asian landmasses
|
|
|
The Deccan plateau
|
India, made from rain-shadow effect
|
|
|
Atoll
|
low, sandy islands made from coral, often oriented around a central lagoon (Maldives)
|
|
|
South Asia climates
|
Arid, subtropical, tropical (3 seasons: wet, cool, hot)
|
|
|
the Chipko Movement
|
tree hugging, trees are sacred
|
|
|
South Asia subsistence crops
|
rice, wheat, millet
|
|
|
The Green Revolution
|
1960s
agricultural techniques that combine new, genetically altered seeds that provide higher yields than native seeds when combined with high inuts of chemcial fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides |
|
|
Hutments
|
Mumbai: crude shelters built on formerly busy sidewalks
|
|
|
Hindu nationalism
|
promotes Hindu values as the essential basis or Indian society
|
|
|
Hindu culture
|
emerged out of Indus and Ganges valleys
Sanskrit is sacred language caste systems (Brahmins-Untouchables) |
|
|
3 Hindu gods
|
Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
|
|
|
Mughal Empire
|
attempted to unify both Muslims and Hindus into a large South Asian state (Taj Mahal)
Sultan tried to convert people to Islam |
|
|
Sikhism
|
Indian religion combining Islam and Hindu elements, founded in Punjab
|
|
|
Kesh
|
uncut hair
|
|
|
Kipan
|
carry a sword
|
|
|
Jainism
|
mix of Hindu and Buddhism, extremely non-violent
|
|
|
Pinjrapoles
|
Jain hospitals (take care of animals and people)
|
|
|
South Asia languages
|
Dravidian (south) and Indo-European (North)
|
|
|
Pakistan language
|
Urdu (similar to Hindi-originated in India)
|
|
|
India languages
|
Hindi (Pradesh), Punjabi (NW), Bengali (East)
|
|
|
Bangladesh language
|
Bengali
|
|
|
Linguistic nationalism
|
linking of a specific language with with political goals (one official language)
|
|
|
South Asian diaspora
|
West Europe (London, England), The Caribbean (Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago), North America, South & East Africa
|
|
|
British East India Company
|
private trade organization that acted as an arm of colonial Britain in monopolizing trade in South Asia
|
|
|
Federal State
|
political system in which a significant amount of power is given to individual states
|
|
|
Jute
|
plant that yields tough fibers used for making ropes and burlap bags
|
|
|
Silicon Plateau
|
Bangalore-quickly growing computer software and hardware industry
|
|
|
The Sati
|
Indian widows set themselves on fire
|
|
|
3 Chinese autonomous territories
|
Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet
|
