Geo 108 Final

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climate is equatorial tropical humid diurnal

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Tropical Rain Forest

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found in lowlands between 10 degrees N and S

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Tropical Rain Forest

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radiation is intense so emergent plants conserve water while understory plants do not

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Tropical Rain Forest

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soils are old and weathered (oxisols)

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Tropical Rain Forest

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- forests not supported in extremely nutrient poor areas. Ex: mogotes

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Epiphytes are common, even more common in the mountainous regions of the tropics.

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Lowland rainforest followed by submountaine. Followed by mountaine forest, then cloud forest, after that into dwarf, then elfin

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Paramo is a tropical alpine grassland

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Germination niche - conditions necessary for germination to happen

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Mountain passes are higher in the tropics. A mountain pass is the lowest point between two valleys

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Landslides, very weathered old soils that are really wet and often some component of human disturbance causing a large landslide. Common in tropical mountain areas.

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Africa - most of the big tropic mountains are in arid zones of Africa - Congo, Kenya, Cameroon, Tanzania, and Madagascar

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Corpse flower- smells like rotting flesh, pollinated by flies, flowers only once every 10 years.

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Mass fruiting - all individuals of a species fruit at the same time. An evolutionary response of pressure of their fruit being eaten

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Tropical Rain Forest

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Hummingbirds - lots of them in the tropics. They pollinate a lot of flowered plants (scentless), as well as Night flying moths, bats (have a stale odor), beetles (strong scent but not much color), bees (go for nectar/ high sugar and UV), and the butterfly (low sugar nectar/pretty daytime flowers)

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Tropical Rain Forest

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All ecosystems in which C4 grasses potentially dominate the herbaceous stratum and where woody plants, usually fire-tolerant, vary in density from widely scattered individuals to closed woodland broken now and again by drainage line grasslands.

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Savannas

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10-25 degrees N and S of the equator

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Savannas

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Climate is warm with seasonal rainfall (in winter) About 18 degrees Celsius year round. There is at least one dry month with less than 60 mm of rain.

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Savannas

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Oxisols -found in savannas and tropical forests, red because of aluminum

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Savannas

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Vertisols - high in clay, low in key nutrients, tend to be acidic, when it dries it cracks and forms mosaics.

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Savannas

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Entisols - sandier, least developed, low in phosphorus, low fertility, nutrient poor

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Savannas

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Alfisols - drier, high in quartz, more related to calcification than laterization, lighter soil, not well developed

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Savannas

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Nutrient deficient or wet soils can cause edaphic savannas

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Savannas

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Most trees don't like to grow with their roots in ponded water. Only trees adapted to having their roots in water can survive. Impermeable layer that does not allow water to get through causing it to pond

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Savannas

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Poor soils lead to success of nitrogen fixers

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Savannas

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Woodland Savanna - evenly spaced trees - consequence of competition between grass and trees
Parkland savannas - groves within grassy matrix
Grassland - predominately grass, generally drier and fine soils
Shrubland - often grazing response

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Savannas

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Grasses have competitive advantage in low moisture. Grasses have denser, finer root systems. Trees have coarser deeper route systems - they are adapted to going for water deeper

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Savannas

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C4 photosynthesis uses more efficient path for high temps. Normal photosynthesis is C3

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Savannas

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Phenology (timing of natural events) follows climatic pattern.

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Savannas

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Fire is an essential part of savanna community. Fires are frequent, not very hot, and fast moving. Bad enough to kill seedlings. Vegetation shows many adaptations to fire: thick bark, high limbs, sprouting - shrubs with buds underground, meristem

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Savannas

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Grazers are a predominant feature of savannas

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Savannas

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Termites are important decomposers. Major nutrient mover. Earthworms and ants are also important in moving nutrients around.

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Savannas

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Interesting savanna with impermeable laterite crust known as arecife found in Venezuela

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Savannas

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Edaphic savanna - soil based savanna

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Savannas

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Hyper seasonal palm savannas - get wet in summer, very wet - even if there is not a layer of impermeable rock layer - palm trees do well. Grasses and palms handle it the best.

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Savannas

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Esteros - wetland - big open areas that flood in the wet season, they dry out and tend to be treeless, but grasses come during the dry periods.

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Savannas

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Caatinga - drier areas of zonobiome II - scrubland interspersed with grasslands.

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Savannas

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Pines can handle infertile soil. Infertile soils means trees grow slowly which will slower the time of canopy, which increases the probability that fires will come along.

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Savannas

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Sahel - band in northern part of Africa - transition band. Sensitive area because it is on the brink of being a desert and scrubland grassland

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Savannas

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Great Pantanal - tropical hydro biome in Brazil, in wet season series of lakes separated by forests.

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Savannas

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Mamgrove swamps are halo-helobiomes. Partially submerged trees with adaptations to grow in salty wet situation.

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Savannas

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vivaparous seedlings - germinate while still attached to the tree. It Germinates and starts to grow and then it drops.

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Savannas

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Psammobiomes I and II - sandy - on the coast - with exception of little beaches and palms, there aren't huge dune systems.

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Savannas

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Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation

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hot deserts

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20-30 degrees North and South

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hot deserts

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Precipitation is variable but less than 200 mm per year

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hot deserts

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Potential evapo-transpiration (correlated with temp) can be as high as 2000 mm.

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hot deserts

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Solar radiation is second most important factor - not may clouds, closer to equator than poles - even hotter than the tropics, because tropics have clouds and a lot of plants. Air is so dry that temperature swings from day to night can be quite great. Large diurnal shifts.

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hot deserts

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Soils are poorly developed and may be salty

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hot deserts

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Capillary action will take salts from the soil and bring it to the surface

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hot deserts

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Usually clay brings wetter soil, but in deserts it dries it

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hot deserts

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Hamadas - rocky deserts where the fine particles are blown away - pebbles, boulders and rocks. Often stained red due to manganese oxides. So dry they can be water repellant. Not conducive to plant growth. Both adapted to extreme aridity and salt. Not a lot of vegetation

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hot deserts

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Gravel Deserts - known as gibber plains or reg - lot of wind action, not much vegetation, red oxidized look on the top. Places where all this material has developed in place. They are actually developed from the underlying parent material

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hot deserts

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Sandy deserts are known as erg. Wind, dunes, iron oxidized in sand, Hillocks created by vegetation are called nebkha dunes. Plants that are adapted to being buried.

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hot deserts

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Dry Valleys are known as wadis, washes, and arroyos - when it does rain it collects. Many of the washes are leftover from previous periods of the Pleistocene that once were wetter in that area. It is a relic of the past time. Salts won't be there as much. Some residual soil moisture. When rains come, the soil can become hydrophobic so the water runs off and actually can cause a flood.

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hot deserts

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Shallow depressions where clay collects are called pans, sebka, daya, chott. Clay soils tend to crack a lot - not good for plants. One vegetation that can survive are ephemerals. Quick life cycle.

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hot deserts

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Oases are found at springs and seeps. Dense vegetation

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hot deserts

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Desert plant adaptations are primarily to water. Spacing of plants is one adaptation. Shallow roots are another adaptation - shallow roots are beneficial because they capture water quickly.

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hot deserts

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Drought escapers are annual ephemerals (therophytes) - live as if there is no drought by staying as seeds until conditions are right

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hot deserts

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Drought evaders store energy and water but drop leaves. Perennial shrubs, perennial ephemerals/geophytes. Bulb plants. When conditions are good they flower and photosynthesize. The bulb stays under there alive

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hot deserts

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Drought endurers conserve water and do not become dormant - extensive roots, hairs on leaves to reduce wind and water loss, waxy leaves, color that reflects light and reduces evaporation

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hot deserts

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Drought resisters store water and use it sparingly. Aloes, Agaves

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hot deserts

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CAM photosynthesis separates carbon fixation temporarily. It goes on at night instead of the day - reverse stomata function

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hot deserts

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productivity is lowest of all zonobiomes

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hot deserts

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Cryptobiotic - crusts made up of lichens and mosses - held together by fungi. Takes a long time to develop but keep the soil together

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hot deserts

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This is Los Angeles' zonobiome

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Hot dry summers, cool wet winters. 275-900 mm of precipitation, rarely freezes.

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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30-40 degrees N and S on west coasts of continents.

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Coastal sage shrub and chaparral (N America) , matorral (S America), maquis and garrigue (Europe), mallee (Australia), fynbos and renosterisos (Africa)

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Sclerophyllous leaves are a water conservation mechanism

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Pyrophyte endemics - plants that only grows after a fire
Fire annual - abundant after fires
Fire perennials - grow a few years after fire, then drop

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Human occupy and exploit the area around the Mediterranean zones consequently leading to extinction of the oak forests. Used for timber.

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Dense Litter layer - accumulated dead stuff. (goes away with fire

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Humble current - current along the ocean

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Chaparral - thicket of evergreen oaks

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Sclerophyllic Woodland

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Manzanita - characteristic bark, shiny red slippery bark.

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Sclerophyllic Woodlands

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transitional between subtropical and temperature regions

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Laurel Forests

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40 degrees N

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Laurel Forests

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warm temperate humid climate

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Laurel Forests

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subzonobiomes found on east and west coasts

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Laurel Forests

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Lauriphyllic trees have shiny, water-conserving leaves

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Laurel Forests

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2 things ocean does to climate - stabilize it and provides extra moisture

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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Total precipitation - 800-1400 mm a year
Temperature - -30 to 30 Celsius

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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Soil development takes one of two routes - dark rich organic soil, high humus content -very fertile and not acidic. Alphisol and Ultisol

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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loose leaves on winter time (deciduous

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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There is not a water conservation mechanism. The other time they loose out is if they have no winter at all. No winter and it is moist, then why loose leaves. The third reason they loose out is longer winters

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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Insects are primary consumers of plants.

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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marcescent leaves - dead leaves that the tree holds onto.

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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Literfall is major route of nutrient cycling.

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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Day length cues leaf loss

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Temperate Deciduous Forests

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Moderately dry and cold. Drier than forest biomes, wetter then deserts with exception of cold deserts.

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Temperate Grasslands

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Up to 85% of biomass is underground.

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Temperate Grasslands

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Rainshadows (in shadows of mountains) and continental effects create climate

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Temperate Grasslands

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Calcification forms mollisols.

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Temperate Grasslands

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Soil fauna is important to nutrient cycling.

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Temperate Grasslands

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Dustbowl - 1930s in southern Midwestern states. More rain than normal that year. The sod was broken. Decreased diversity, climatic changes - caused the Dustbowl

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Temperate Grasslands

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Ephemeral - rainfall in spring

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Temperate Grasslands

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Taklimakan - driest desert in central Asia

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Temperate Grasslands

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Takiars - clay, bare, dry cracking surface

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Temperate Grasslands

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Halophyllic desert - salt - pickle weed

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Temperate Grasslands

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Jipson desert - lot of calcium, annual plants

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Temperate Grasslands