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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the demand side causes of the world food crises?
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What are some the supply side causes?
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Within the context of demand side causes to the world food crises, identify two (2) similarities and two (2) differences between 1973 and 2007
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Within the context of supply side causes to the world food crises, identify two (2) similarities and two (2) differences between 1973 and 2007
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As the Caribbean fails to adequately deal with the issue of food security there are a number of trends being developed as it relates to food import and the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCD)-- what are some of these trends?
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Define urban?
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The built-up space of the central city and suburbs. Includes the city and surrounding environs connected to the city. Is distinctively non-rural and nonagricultural. Every country has its own definition of urban. What makes a place urban has more to do with the kinds of economic activities that take place there
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Where are the six (6) urban hearths?
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1.Mesopotamia, 3500 B.C.
2.Nile River Valley, 3200 B.C. 3.Indus River Valley, 2200 B.C. 4.Huang He Valley, 1500 B.C. 5.Mesoamerica, 1100 B.C. 6.Peru, 900 B.C. |
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Describe the urban hearth “Mesopotamia”?
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Region of great cities located btwn the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers; First urban hearth founded in Fertile Crescent; Studies of cultural landscape & urban morphology of Mesopotamian cities found signs of social inequality in varying sizes & ornamentation of houses: Urban elite built palaces protected w/ walls. Employed artisans to beautify spaces. Established a priest‐king class. Developed a religious‐political ideology. Rulers in cities were both priests & kings, that levied taxes, Demanded tribute from harvest brought by agricultural laborers. City was usually protected by a mud wall surrounding entire community, or a cluster of temples & shrines at center. Temples dominated urban landscape b/c they were the largest structures in town & b/c they were built on tall artificial mounds. Priests & Authorities resided in palaces. Ordinary citizens lived in mud walled houses packed closely together & separated only by narrow lanes. The informal urban housing surrounded well‐planned cities.
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Describe the urban hearth “Nile River Valley”?
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The second hearth of urbanization, dating back to 3200 BCE. The interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation in this region distinguishes it from other urban hearths. The might of the rulers of the Nile River Valley is reflected in the feats of architecture such as the great pyramids, tombs, and sphinx. Traditional theories hold that slaves built these feats of engineering, but more recent theories in archaeology claim that ordinary citizens built ancient monuments as part of their tax payment.
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Describe the urban hearth “Indus River Valley”?
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The third urban hearth, dating to 2200 BCE, is the Indus River Valley, another place where agriculture likely diffused from the Fertile Crescent. Unable to decipher ancient Indus writing, scholars are puzzled by Harappa and Mohenjo‐Daro, the first cities of the Indus River Valley. The intricate planning of the cities points to the existence of a leadership class, but the houses continued to be equal in size, with no palaces or monuments appearing in the cities. In addition, all the dwellings in the cities had access to the same infrastructure, including wastewater drains and carefully maintained stone‐lined wells. The cities had thick walls, and the discovery of coins from as far away as the Mediterranean found at the gateways to these walls points to significant trade over long distances.
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Describe the urban hearth “Huang He Valley”?
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The fourth urban hearth arose around the confluence of the Huang He (Yellow) and Wei (Yangtzi) Valleys of present‐day China, dating to 1500 BCE. The Chinese purposefully planned their ancient cities to center on a vertical structure in the middle of the city and then built an inner wall around it. Within the inner wall, the people of this hearth typically placed temples and palaces for the leadership class. The urban elite of the Huang He and Wei region demonstrated their power by building enormous, elaborate structures. Around 200 BCE, the Emperor Qin Xi Huang directed the building of the Great Wall of China. Like the Egyptians, he also had an elaborate mausoleum built for himself. An estimated 700,000 laborers worked for over 40 years to craft the intricate faces and weapons, horses, and chariots of an army of over 7000 terracotta warriors who stand guard over his burial place
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Describe the urban hearth “Mesoamerica”?
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Chronologically, the fifth urban hearth is Mesoamerica, dating to 1100 BCE. The ancient cities of Mesoamerica were religious centers. The Olmec built cities, including San Lorenzo, on the Gulf Coast of Mexico. The Olmec carved stone monuments, and archeaologists believe they moved the volcanic stones 50 miles from the interior of Mexico to the coast. The Olmec civilization died out, but based on cultural teachings of the Olmec, the Maya built cities in the same region also centered on religious temples
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Describe the urban hearth “Peru”?
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The most recent archaeological evidence establishes Peru as the sixth urban hearth, chronologically. The Chavín built cities in Peru dating to 900 BCE. The largest settlement, Chavín, was sited at an elevation of 10,530 feet in the Andean highlands.
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Are the six urban hearths closely tied to agriculture?Explain.
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The six urban hearths are tied closely to the hearths of agriculture.
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Describe the chaos associated with the industrial city?
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With industrialization, cities became unregulated jumbles of activity. Factories engulfed private homes. Open spaces became garbage dumps. Urban dwellers converted elegant housing into overcrowded slums. Sanitation systems failed. Water supplies were inadequate and often polluted. By the late 1800s, the Industrial Revolution had changed transportation significantly. Living and working conditions were dreadful and shocking for workers in cities. Children worked 12 hr shifts in textile mills (typ 6 days/wk). In industrial cities, health conditions worsened: air was polluted, water contaminated. The grimy, soot‐covered cities of the British Midlands were appropriately deemed the “black towns.” Few if any safety mechanisms protected the laborers, and injuries were common.
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What is the rank-size rule?
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In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.
Thus, if the largest city has 12 million people, the second largest will have about 6 million (that is, half the population of the largest city); the third city will have 4 million (one‐third); the fourth city 3 million; and so on. NOTE that the size differences between city levels become smaller at lower levels of the hierarchy, so that the tenth‐largest city would have 1.2 million inhabitants. |
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What is a primate city Provide four (4) examples?
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A country's largest city—ranking atop the urban hierarchy—most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well.
In the former colonies: Mexico City, Mexico and Manila, the Philippines. In the noncolonial context, London and Paris each serve as examples of primate cities in the United Kingdom and France, respectively. |
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What are zoning laws?
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Cities define areas of the city and designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone. Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.
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Describe the differences in the urban cultural landscape in Tokyo, Japan, and Lome, Togo?
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In Tokyo, Japan, the city's landscape reflects the presence of a large middle class in a densely populated city. Japanese houses in this middle‐class neighborhood are on top of each other because the city is so densely populated that land is at a premium.
In Lome, Togo, the city's landscape reflects a clear dichotomy between the “haves” and “have‐nots.” In Lomé, the high rises are part of the central business district, and they and the houses immediately surrounding them are where the wealthy live. The houses in the foreground are where the poor live. Here the roofs are tin or cardboard, the houses are makeshift, and utility lines are lacking. There is no evidence of a middle class, common in cities of the periphery where there are the “haves” and the “have‐nots” and little in between. |
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Describe cities in the global periphery and semi-periphery?
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Across the global periphery, the one trait all major cities display is the stark contrast between the wealthy and poor. Sharp contrasts between wealthy and poor areas can be found in major cities all over the world—for example, homeless people sleeping on heating grates half a block from the White House in Washington, D.C. Yet the intensity and scale of the contrast are greater in cities of the periphery.
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What is redlining?
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A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.
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What is blockbusting?
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Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties.
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What is white flight?
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Movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to the outlying suburbs.
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How did these practices (redlining, blockbusting, white flight) shape cities in the U.S.?
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The goals people have in making cities have changed over time. One way people make cities is by remaking them, reinventing neighborhoods, or changing layouts to reflect current goals and aesthetics.
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What is commercialization Provide three (3) examples
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Commercialization entails transforming the central business district into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike. The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.
Several cities, including Miami, New York, and Baltimore, have created waterfront “theme” areas to attract visitors. These areas include festival marketplaces, parks with exotic sculptures and play areas, and amusement zones occupying former industrial sites. Cities including Detroit and Minneapolis commercialize their central business districts by building or using tax incentives to attract professional sports stadiums to the central business district. The newly commercialized downtowns often stand apart from the rest of the central city. |
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What is gentrification?
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Gentrification is the rehabilitation of houses in older neighborhoods. The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low‐income inner‐city residents.
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How has commercialization and gentrification transformed the urban landscape?
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Developers and governments are also important actors in shaping cities. In cities of the global core that have experienced high levels of suburbanization, people have left the central business district for the suburbs for a number of reasons, among them single‐family homes, yards, better schools, and safety. With suburbanization, city governments lose tax revenue, as middle‐ and upper‐class taxpayers leave the city and pay taxes in the suburbs instead. In order to counter the suburbanization trend, city governments are encouraging commercialization of the central business district and gentrification of neighborhoods in and around the central business district.
The plans that city governments draft to revive central cities usually involve cleaning streets, sidewalks, and buildings; tearing down old, abandoned buildings; and building up commercial offerings and residences. |
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How is the suburban landscape transforming Specifically, discuss teardowns and McMansions?
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The suburb is not immune to gentrification. In suburbs that are close to the city or directly connected by commuter rail, people purchase smaller or older homes with the intention of tearing the house down and building a much larger home. The homes intended for suburban demolition are called teardowns. In their place, suburbanites build newer homes that often are supersized and stretch to the outer limits of the lot. New mansions that are supersize and have a similar look are called McMansions. Like gentrification in the city, the teardown phenomenon changes the landscape and increases average housing values, tax revenue for the city, and the average household income of the neighborhood. Unlike gentrification, with teardowns, the original houses are destroyed instead of preserved. Also unlike gentrification, teardowns often occur in middle‐class and wealthy suburbs
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What are Teardowns?
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Homes bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes often referred to as McMansions.
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What are McMansions?
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Homes referred to as such because of their “super size” and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear‐downs in American suburbs.
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What is urban sprawl?
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Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
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Discuss the new urbanism
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To counter urban sprawl, a group of architects, urban planners, and developer outlined an urban design vision they call new urbanism: development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.
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What are world cities Provide four (4 examples)?
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Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.
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Describe how NYC became a space of consumption?
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Major changes in cities, such as the redevelopment of New York's Times Square, are the result of global processes.
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What is a Space of Consumption?
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Areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services; driven primarily by the global media industry.
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How can we define development?
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Can be defined as the economic, social, and institutional growth of states. A country that is developing is making progress in technology, production, and socioeconomic well- being.
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What are the three (3) major areas of concern with measuring development?
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Ways of measuring development can fit into 3 major areas of concern:
1. development in economic welfare, 2. development in technology and production, and 3. development in social welfare. |
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What is GNP?
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The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country.
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What is GDP?
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Gross Domestic Product encompasses only goods and services produced within a country during a given year. The total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year.
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What is GNI?
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Gross National Income is the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country minus income payments to other countries.
Gross National Income is a measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year, and includes things produced both inside and outside the country’s territory. The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country. |
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What is GNI per capita?
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The most common way to standardize GNI data is to divide it by the population of the country, yielding the per capita GNI.
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What is the difference between the formal economy and the informal economy?
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The Formal Economy includes only legal economy that the gov taxes and monitors, where the Informal Economy includes the unaccounted for and illegal economy that the gov doesn't tax or keep track of.
GNI is a limited measure because it only includes transactions in the formal economy, the legal economy that governments tax and monitor. Quite a few countries have per capita GNI of less than $1000 per year—a figure so low it seems impossible that people could survive. A key component of survival in these countries is the informal economy, the uncounted or illegal economy that governments do not tax and keep track of, including everything from a garden plot in a yard to the black market to the illegal drug trade. The informal economy is a significant element in the economies of many countries, but GNI statistics omit the informal economy entirely. |
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What is a Formal economy?
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the legal economy that governments tax and monitor. The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to an informal economy.
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What is an Informal economy?
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uncounted or illegal economy that governments do not tax and keep track of. Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy.
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What are some of the limitations associated with GNI?
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GNI per capita masks extremes in the distribution of wealth within a country. GNI per capita measures only outputs (i.e., production). It does not take into account the nonmonetary costs of production. The limitations of GNI have prompted some analysts to look for alternative measures of economic development, ways of measuring the roles that technology, production, transportation, and communications play in an economy.
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Describe Walt Rostow’s five (5) stage modernization model
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Walt Rostow’s modernization model: assumes that all countries follow a similar path to development or modernization, advancing through 5 stages of development:
1.The society is traditional, and the dominant activity is subsistence farming. The social structure is rigid, and technology is slow to change. 2.Preconditions of takeoff: New leadership moves the country toward greater flexibility, openness, and diversification. 3.Takeoff: the country experiences something akin to an Industrial Revolution, and sustained growth takes hold. Urbanization increases, industrialization proceeds, and technological and mass‐production breakthroughs occur. 4.Drive to maturity: Technologies diffuse, industrial specialization occurs, and international trade expands. Modernization is evident in key areas of the country, and population growth slows. 5.High mass consumption: high incomes and widespread production of many goods and services. During this stage, a majority of workers enter the service s |
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Modernization Model?
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A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self‐sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption.
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Why has Walt Rostow’s Five Stage Modernization Model been criticized?
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the major problem with Rostow's model is that it provides no larger context to development. Is a climb up the ladder truly dependent on what happens within one country? Or do we need to take into account all of the other countries, their places on the ladder, and how their actions as well as global forces affect an individual country's movement on the ladder? The theory also misses the forces that can influence development decisions within an individual country, leaving us to wonder where cultural and political differences fit into the picture.
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What is neo-colonialism?
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the major world powers continue to control the economies of the poorer countries, even though the poorer countries are now politically independent states. The entrenchment of the colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new guise.
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What is a structuralist theory?
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holds that difficult-to-change, large-scale economic arrangements shape what can happen in fundamental ways. A general term for a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system.
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Describe dependency theory?
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Holds that the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas. A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop.
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What is development from below, specifically participatory development?
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Local communities should play an active role in determining development priorities. Participatory development—local communities given the resources to empower themselves and identify their own needs
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How do International Organizations and Governments Measure Development?
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International organizations and governments measure development and then create programs to help improve the condition of humans around the world, especially in the poorest countries of the world. By measuring human development, organizations and governments hope to discern how to break down barriers to development and improve the human condition globally.
One of the most widely referenced measurements of development today is the United Nations Human Development Index. According to the UN, the Human Development Index goes beyond economics and incorporates the “three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.” Several statistics, including per capita GDP, literacy rates, school enrollment rates, and life expectancy at birth, factor into the calculation of the Human Development Index. |
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What is the Human Development Index?
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An index calculated by measuring life expectancy, education, and per capita income
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What are the weaknesses associated with development statistics at the national level?
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Doesn’t take into account large differences in income and human welfare. Ignores or underestimates value of women’s work. Western cultural and economic biases
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What is dollarization?
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Dollarization is when the country’s currency, the colon, was abandoned in favor of the dollar. When a poorer country ties the value of its currency to that of a wealthier country, or when it abandons its currency and adopts the wealthier country's currency as its own.
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Provide an example of dollarization in El Salvador?
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El Salvador went through the process of dollarization, whereby the country's currency, the colon, was abandoned in favor of the dollar. For the people of El Salvador, dollarization made sense because the economies of the two countries were tied long before dollarization occurred. Over 2 million Salvadorians live in the United States, and in 2010, they sent $3.5 billion in remittances to El Salvador. With this flow of American dollars to El Salvador, many transactions occurred in dollars long before the official switch. The United Nations Development Program estimates that 22.3% of families in El Salvador receive remittances. In addition, over 2/3 of El Salvador's exports go to the United States. When the Federal Reserve Board in the United States controls the supply of dollars by altering the interest rates, the ramifications are felt directly in El Salvador.
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What are Export Processing Zones?
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Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi‐periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment.
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What are Maquiladoras?
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The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low‐wage workers in the primarily foreign‐owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods.
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What is NAFTA?
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is the agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross‐border movement of goods and services between the countries.
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What are the problems associated with national statistics when measuring development?
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Doesn’t take into account large differences in income and human welfare
Ignores or underestimates the value of women’s work Western cultural and economic biases |
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Discuss how the actions of governments influence whether, how, and where wealth is produced?
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The distribution of wealth is affected by tariffs, trade agreements, taxation structures, land ownership rules, environmental regulations. Government policies play an important role at the interstate level, but they also shape patterns of development within states. Government policy can also help alleviate uneven development.
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Why have some countries in the economic periphery relocated their capital cities?
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In most states, the capital city is the political nerve center of the country, its national headquarters and seat of government. In many countries of the global economic periphery and semiperiphery, the capital cities are by far the largest and most economically influential cities in the state. Some newly independent states have built new capital cities, away from the colonial headquarters
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Provide three (3) examples of countries in the economic periphery that have relocated their capital cities?
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(1) Nigeria, moved its capital from Yoruba‐dominated Lagos along the coast to an ethnically neutral territory in the center of the state
(2) Abuja. Malawi moved its capital from Zomba, deep in the south, to more central Lilongwe. (3) Pakistan moved the capital from the colonial headquarters of Karachi to Islamabad in the far north to symbolize the country's reorientation toward its historically important interior and north. (4) Brazil moved its capital from coastal Rio de Janeiro to centrally located Brasilia in order to direct attention to the huge, sparsely populated, yet poorly integrated interior. (5) More recently, Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty in the south to Astana in the north, partly to be closer to Russia and the center of the possibly restless Russian population. |
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What is an island of development?
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A government or corporation builds up and concentrates economic development in a certain city or small region. Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.
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Provide an example of an island of development in Gabon?
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Multinational oil companies create subsidiaries in countries of the periphery and semiperiphery, creating or expanding cities near oil reserves. For example in Gabon, Elf and Shell, two oil companies based in Europe, run ElfGabon and ShellGabon in the Central African country. The oil companies took the small colonial town of Port Gentile in Gabon and turned it into a city that the locals call “oil city.” The oil companies built housing, roads, and stores, and provide much of the employment in the town
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What are NGOs?
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In the most rural, impoverished regions of less prosperous countries, some nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) try to improve the plight of people. Each NGO has its own set of goals, depending on the primary concerns outlined by its founders and financiers. International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.
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What are microcredit programs?
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Microcredit programs give loans to poor people, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses. Program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businesses.
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What is agriculture?
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Agriculture is the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel. The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
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What are primary economic activities
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Economic activities that involve the extraction of economically valuable products from the earth. Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment—such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.
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What are some examples of primary economic activities?
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Both the growing of food or feed and the raising of livestock are considered primary economic activities.
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What are secondary economic activities
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Activities (such as, manufacturing) that take a primary product and change it into something else. Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.
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What are some examples of secondary economic activities?
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Manufacturing is the principal secondary economic activity.
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What are tertiary economic activities?
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Are those service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs
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What are some examples of tertiary economic activities?
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People who work as bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, nurses, salespeople, clerks, and secretaries belong to the tertiary sector.
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What is domestication?
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Domestication is the process whereby a population of living organisms is changed at the genetic level, through generations of selective breeding, to accentuate traits that ultimately benefit humans.
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What types of animals and plants were domesticated?
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The growing of root crops. Goats, sheep, pigs and cattle, eland
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What is Animal Domestication
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Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.
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What is Plant Domestication?
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Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.
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How did humans get their food before the advent of agriculture?
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Before the advent of agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing were the most common means of subsistence throughout the world. Of course, what people hunted or gathered depended on where they lived.
Before developing agriculture, hunter‐gatherers worked on perfecting tools, controlling fires, and adapting environments to their needs. The first tools used in hunting were simple clubs—tree limbs that were thin at one end and thick and heavy at the other. The use of bone and stone and the development of spears made hunting far more effective. The fashioning of stone into hand axes and, later, handle axes was a crucial innovation that enabled hunters to skin their prey and cut the meat; it also made it possible to cut down trees and build better shelters and tools. In addition to hunting game on land, humans harvested shellfish, trapped fish by cutting small patches of standing water off from the open sea, and invented tools to catch fish, including harpoons, hooks, and baskets. |
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Describe the First Agricultural Revolution?
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The cultivation of seed crops marked the beginning of what has been called the First Agricultural Revolution. The majority view is that the first domestication of seed plants took place in the Fertile Crescent. Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication.
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Where did the First Agricultural Revolution first take place?
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The Fertile Crescent and Nile River Valley were two hearths of the first agricultural revolution.
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What is subsistence agriculture?
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Growing only enough food to survive; norm throughout most of human history. Self‐sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.
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What is shifting cultivation?
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Many farmers move from place to place in search of better land. Found primarily in tropical and subtropical zones, where traditional farmers had to abandon plots of land after the soil became infertile (also known as slash and burn agriculture)
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What is slash-and-burn agriculture?
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Farmers use tools (machetes and knives) to slash down trees and tall vegetation, and then burn the vegetation on the ground. A layer of ash from the fire settles on the ground and contributes to the soil’s fertility. Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland (also known as shifting cultivation)
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Describe the Second Agricultural Revolution?
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Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.
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Discuss the Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)?
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Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).
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What was the Green Revolution?
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The recently successful development of higher‐yield, fast‐growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs.
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What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
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Manipulation of genes by taking specific gene from a cell of one species and placing it into the cell of any species. Used to produce Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Plants that are tolerant to insect pests, heat, cold, drought, or acidic soils. More productive farm animals. Golden rice to prevent Vitamin A deficiency
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Why are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) controversial?
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GMOs are not currently labeled. FDA finds it would be counterproductive and expensive to label. Debate on the objectivity of scientific research and publication. Debate on the effects of GMOs on health and the environment
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What is agribusiness?
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The businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry. A global network of farm production is oriented to the one-fifth of the world’s population that is highly urbanized, wealthy, and powerful. Few farmers in distant lands have real control over land-use decisions, for the better off people in the global economic core continue to decide what will be bought at what price. General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.
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What are some examples of Agribusiness?
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poultry production
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What is the definition of capitalism?
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Private production with the primary goal to maximize profit.
Economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. |
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What are three central characteristics of capitalism?
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Economic model wherein people, corporations, and states (1) produce goods, (2) exchange them on the world market, (3) with the goal of achieving profit.
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When and where did capitalism start?
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Capitalism emerged in England in the 1400s
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What is Fordism?
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System pioneered by Henry Ford beginning in 1914
-Worker should earn enough to be able to purchase the good that he produced. - Pay people five dollars a day. Fostered a rising standard of living for many production workers Unionization led to higher wages and better benefits Increased consumption Created a middle class Growing productivity and the cheaper wage goods goods meant that the real standard of living of the industrial working class could improve significantly even as exploitation intensified. Combined with other strategies, Fordism stabilized boom and bust cycles of capitalism. Between 1945 and 1973, there were no serious recessions. |
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When was Fordism dominant as a system of production?
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Fordism was the dominant mode of mass production that endured from 1945 to 1970
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When and why did Fordism begin to falter?
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Fordism worked for awhile but by the early 70s, things started to get hard.
Constant drive to cut costs and compete means pushing workers to work more and get paid less Productivity increases but workers’ buying power decreases Imbalance in production and consumption (over-production and under-consumption) 1973 – Economy slowed leading to major recession and economic crisis |
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Name some characteristics of Post-Fordism?
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Companies could further cut costs by moving production.
Horizontal integration components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together as needed to meet customer demand. Firms pick and choose among many suppliers and production strategies in distant places and then quickly shift their choices in response. “Flexible production” and “flexible accumulation” People who make your products don’t necessarily have to be able to purchase them. Geographical separation between producers and consumers. Labor is concentrated in the periphery and research and development is located in the core Labor organizing more difficult |
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What is a commodity chain?
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a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market
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What is vertical integration?
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Vertical integration is the ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain
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What is horizontal integration?
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Horizontal integration is the ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain
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Which was the first ever free trade agreement?
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1992 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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What is a free trade agreement?
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Through free trade agreements, governments:
1. remove all trade protections to domestic companies (such as subsidies or tariffs) 2. agree not to interfere with foreign investment through local laws. This limits ability of local governments to regulate on issues of health, safety, environmental protections, etc if that regulation impedes ability of foreign companies to do business. |
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What are some of the impacts of free trade agreements?
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Free Trade Agreements:
1. Made it easier for capital and investment to travel across borders 2. Promoted rise of large multi-national corporations 3. Accelerated move of industry and manufacturing away from core countries like the US to periphery and semi-periphery countries 4. Often put domestically-owned companies in periphery countries out of business because they were unable to compete with large multi-national corporations 5. Facilitated a “race to the bottom” as multi-national corporations shopped around for cheapest labor and local governments were prevented from instituting labor protections |
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What has the impact of Post-Fordism been on the US?
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Deindustrialization and Unemployment
Rising economic inequality Shrinkage of middle-class Rise of service economy finance, insurance, real estate, restaurants, entertainment, legal services, etc. very high-income and very low-income jobs Financialization – “profit making occurs increasingly through financial channels rather than through trade and production of goods.” |
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What is deindustrialization?
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Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.
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In the last thirty years, how have wage rates compared to productivity and profits in the US? Why?
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?
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In the last thirty years, how have the wages of CEOs changed in relation to the wages of their employees?
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CEO compensation has grown far faster than the stock market or the productivity of the economy.
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What is a service economy?
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very high-income and very low-income jobs
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What kinds of jobs characterize a service economy?
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health care, retail, real estate, restaurants, entertainment, legal services, finance, insurance, etc.
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What is financialization?
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“profit making occurs increasingly through financial channels rather than through trade and production of goods.”
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Are workers in China complacent about labor conditions currently?
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NO:
Hundreds of thousands of strikes in recent years 2010 Nanhai strike succeeded in shutdown of Honda manufacturing all over China Won major victories in pay, conditions and right to organize independent unions Average age of striking workers was 19 years old |
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What is the antropocene geologic epoch?
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Geological epoch defined by atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen to acknowledge the central role humans play in shaping the Earth's environment.
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Discuss Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis of Pangaea and continental drift?
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?Alfred Wegener, used his spatial view of the world to make a key contribution. Viewing the increasingly accurate maps of the opposite coastlines of the North and South Atlantic oceans, he proposed a hypothesis that would account for the close “fit” of the shapes of the facing continents, which, he argued, would be unlikely to be a matter of chance. His continental drift hypothesis required the preexistence of a supercontinent, which he called Pangaea, that broke apart into the fragments we now know as Africa, the Americas, Eurasia, and Australia. Wegener's hypothesis engendered the later theory of plate tectonics and crustal spreading, and scientists now know that Pangaea and its fragmentation were only the latest episodes in a cycle of continental coalescence and splintering that spans billions of years. This latest Pangaean breakup, however, began only 180 million years ago and continues to this day.
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What is Pangaea?
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The primeval supercontinent, hypothesized by Alfred Wegener, that broke apart and formed the continents and oceans as we know them today; consisted of two parts—a northern Laurasia and a southern Gondwana.
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Do we know exactly how the Earth acquired water?
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Several hypotheses exist about the Earth’s acquisition of so much water, including the comet hypothesis.
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Do we know precisely how the atmosphere was formed?
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Uncertainty about how the atmosphere formed.
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Briefly discuss volcanic activities of the past, Specifically its effects such as mass depletions and mass extinctions?
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Volcanic activity has led to mass depletions (loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species). Volcanic activity has contributed to the three mass extinctions (mass destruction of most species) known to have occurred over the past 500 million years.
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What are Mass depletions?
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Loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species.
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What are Mass extinctions?
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Mass destruction of most species.
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Briefly discuss what happened in the Ice Age?
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When Pangaea still was a supercontinent, an Ice Age cooled the Earth and may have contributed to, if not caused, the greatest known extinction crisis in the history of life on Earth.
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Briefly discuss what happened in the Pleistocene epoch?
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The most recent epoch of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age, beginning about 1.8 million years ago and marked by as many as 20 glaciations and interglaciations of which the current warm phase, the Holocene epoch, has witnessed the rise of human civilization. Marked by long glaciations and short, warm interglacials.
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What are Interglacials?
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warm periods during an ice age.
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Briefly discuss what happened in the Wisconsinan Glaciation?
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The most recent glacial period of the Pleistocene, enduring about 100,000 years and giving way, beginning about 18,000 years ago, to the current interglacial, the Holocene. Left its mark on much of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Briefly discuss what happened in the Holecene epoch.
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The current interglaciation period, extending from 10,000 years ago to the present on the geologic time scale. Wisconsinan Glaciation eventually gave way to a full-scale interglacial, the current warm interlude that has been given its own designation, the Holocene.
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What was the “Little Ice Age”?
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Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation. The Little Ice Age helps explain why the Jamestown colony collapsed so fast.
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What are renewable resources?
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Resources that can regenerate as they are exploited. Renewable resources are replenished even as they are being used, e.g., water
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What are some examples of renewable resources?
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water, solar power, wind
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What are nonrenewable resources?
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Resources that are present in finite quantities because they are not self‐replenishing or take an extraordinarily long time to replenish. Nonrenewable resources are present in infinite quantities
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What are some examples of nonrenewable resources?
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fossil fuels, natural gas,
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Is water evenly distributed across the globe? Explain.
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But the available supply of fresh water is not distributed evenly across the globe
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Discuss the problems associated with chronic water shortages?
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the supply of water is anything but plentiful. Chronic water shortages afflict millions. water rationing has been imposed in rainy South Florida and in Spain, which faces the Mediterranean Sea.
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What is climate change?
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While estimates of the degree of human‐induced climate change differ, climate records from recent decades show that global temperatures are rising, which is why climate change is sometimes called global warming. Climate change is a more accurate term, however, because while the global temperature is rising, the outcome will vary greatly across regions of the world.
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What factors have contributed to human-induced climate change?
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Growing populations and increased human activity, ranging from the burning of tropical forests to pollution of the atmosphere by industry and automobiles, are having an unprecedented impact on the atmosphere.
automobiles, steel mills, refineries, and chemical plants account for a large part of the increase in GHG emissions |
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What is acid rain?
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A growing environmental peril whereby acidified rainwater severely damages plant and animal life; caused by the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil, and natural gas are burned, especially in major manufacturing zones.
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Where is acid rain concentrated geographically?
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The geography of acid rain is most closely associated with patterns of industrial concentration and middle‐ to long‐distance wind flows. The highest densities of coal and oil burning are associated with large concentrations of heavy manufacturing, such as those in Europe, the United States, and China. As industrialization expanded in these places during the second half of the twentieth century, many countries (including the United States in 1970) enacted legislation establishing minimal clean‐air standards.
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What is deforestation?
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The clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers.
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Why is deforestation occurring?
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Deforestation is not a singular process: it has been going on for centuries, and the motivations for deforestation vary vastly. Forests are cut and reforested for wood and paper products; forests are preserved for the maintenance of biodiversity; and other forests are cleared for new agricultural production.
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Discuss waste disposal in the U.S. and internationally?
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The U.S. is the world’s largest consumer of resources, is also the largest producer of solid waste. The number of suitable sites for sanitary landfills is decreasing. Toxic wastes: the danger is caused by chemicals, infectious materials, and the like. Transportation of waste. The dimensions of the waste-disposal problem are growing and globalizing
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What is biodiversity?
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The total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place; biological diversity.
Although the term is commonly used when referring to the diversity of species, it encompasses the entire range of biological diversity, from the genetic variability within individuals of a species to the diversity of ecosystems on the planet. |
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Have humans increased the rates of species extinction, Explain?
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Yes. Human activities have increased the rate of species extinction through hunting animals for their food as well as for their skins and feathers for consumer purposes. (ex: beavers were killed for their pelts, birds for their feathers and elephants and walruses for their tusks)
Humans have also indirectly contributed to extinctions through: Human travel: introduced new species to areas around the globe—rats are among the more destructive of these; they have had devastating effects on oceanic islands. Introduced species may cause extinctions by preying upon native species or competing with them for resources. A famous example is the dodo bird (Raphus cuculatus), which was hunted to extinction by humans, dogs, and rats on the island of Mauritius. Introduced species may also carry new diseases, leading to the decimation and extinction of local populations. Species on islands are particularly susceptible to extinction because of the more insular ecosystems found on islands. |
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Describe the obstacles associated with developing environmental policies?
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A major challenge in confronting environmental problems is that many of those problems do not lie within a single jurisdiction. Environmental pollution crosses political boundaries, and people sometimes move across those boundaries in response to environmental pressures. Designing policy responses is thus complicated by the fact that the political map does not reflect the geography of environmental issues. The problem is particularly acute when environmental problems cross international boundaries, for there are few international policymaking bodies with significant authority over multinational environmental spaces. Moreover, those that do exist—the European Union, for example—often have limited authority and must heed the concerns of member states.
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What is UNCED?
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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was established in 1992.
International concern over the loss of species led to calls for a global convention (agreement). The convention calls for establishing a system of protected areas and a coordinated set of national and international regulations on activities that can have significant negative impacts on biodiversity. However, the agreement has proved difficult to implement. |
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What is the Montreal Protocol?
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An international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries and the European Community (now European Union). The protocol called for a reduction in the production and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) of 50 percent by 2000. Subsequent meetings in London (1990) and Copenhagen (1992) accelerated the timing of CFC phase out, and a worldwide complete ban has been in effect since 1996.
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What is the Earth Summit?
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called on developed countries to take measures aimed at reducing their emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000
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What is the Kyoto Agreement?
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set a target period of 2008–2012 for the United States, the European Union, and Japan to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. Neither the United States nor China, the world’s two largest emitters of carbon dioxide, signed the Kyoto Protocol. The United States continues to be the largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions, per person, in the world
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What is the Copenhagen Agreement?
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In 2009, the Copenhagen Agreement endorsed the continuation of the Kyoto Accord in the wake of a 2007 report by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which concluded that “changes in the atmosphere, the ocean, and glaciers and ice caps now show unequivocally that the world is warming due to human activities.” A total of 141 countries have signed the nonbinding Copenhagen Accord, which states that the countries agreeing to the accord will work to keep global temperature increases less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels.
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TRUE OR FALSE? Planned obsolescence is a plan of how fast the designers can make stuff break while making sure that consumers have enough faith in the product to go out and by another one
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True
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TRUE OR FALSE? Service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs are "primary economic activities).
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False. It is actually "tertiary economic activities."
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TRUE OR FALSE? Fordism is based on the principle that the workers can afford the product.
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True.
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Which concept counters "urban sprawl?
a. commercialization b. new urbanism c. gentrification d. teardowns |
b. new urbanism
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TRUE OR FALSE? Purchasing Power Parity is designed to compare standard of living based on what a person in a country can buy with their currency.
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True
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TRUE OR FALSE? A world trade organization is a supranational organization that regulates trade between its members and aims to increase trade barriers.
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False.
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TRUE OR FALSE? The Gini coefficient measures the economic well-being of a country.
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False, it measures inequality
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TRUE OR FALSE? Within the dependency theory (world systems theory) the periphery buys all the manufactured goods from the core.
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True
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TRUE OR FALSE? Urbanization, poor weather condition and partial failure of the green revolution are considered “demand side” causes of the world food crises of 1973 and 2007.
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False
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TRUE OR FALSE? The increase in the demand for biofuel and feed stock were leading causes of the 1973 food crisis while it while it was population growth and the massive increase in oil prices that were the main causes of the 2007 world food crisis.
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False
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TRUE OR FALSE? As the Caribbean fails to adequately deal with the issue of food security there are a number of trends being developed as it relates to food import. These trends include an increase in the production of local agriculture and a massive decrease in the importation of food items.
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False
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TRUE OR FALSE? Imported foods high in sugars, salts and fats and the reduced physical activities have contributed to the increasing prevalence of non- communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean region.
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True
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TRUE OR FALSE? The cost of treating diabetes and hypertension as a result of obesity in the Caribbean is very miniscule (small) and thus the government has been able to place much more money than usual into educating people about the importance of being food secure.
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False.
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TRUE OR FALSE? Climate change is posing a problem to food security across the world as more and more countries experience prolonged drought, frequent hurricanes and even the increase in pests that destroy crops.
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True
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Zoning Law Examples?
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For example, Portland, Oregon, is often described as the best planned city in North America because it is built around free transportation in the central city to discourage the use of cars. Portland is a compact city with office buildings and residential zones in close proximity to encourage walking, biking, and public transportation. On the other hand, Houston, Texas, is the only large city that does not have zoning laws on the books. Houstonites voted against the creation of zoning laws three different times
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