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30 Cards in this Set

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Homo Habilis
age: 2.3 million -1.5 mill yo location: Tanzania (east Africa) fossil : several crania and post crania Features most primitive member of genus homo. Smaller crania (600cc), longer arms, shorter than other homo. Flatter face than Australopithecus.
Robust Australopithecines
Age: 1.8 myo Location: South Africa. features: huge molars large and glaring zygomatic arches, Sagittarius crest, flat and dish like face. 530cc
Australopithecus afarensis
Age: 3.7-2.7 myo Location: Ethiopia
Features: chimp- like characteristics: small brain (500cc) prognathic face, strong supraorbital torus but anterior and horizontally oriented foramen magnum, small canines
Archaic Homo Sapien
An archaic form of Homo sapiens. Large cranial capacity, (1600cc) not as y'all a cranium as seen in modern Homo sapiens. Straight forehead, small face , prominent chin. Age : 50,000 yo Location: Europe
Homo neanderthalensis
Distinguished from modern human by more prominent subra orbital torus, occipital bun, sloping forehead. Age : 300,000- 30,000 yo. location : Europe cranial capacity: 1200 to 1900cc. Known as the "old man"
Homo heidelbergensis
Age: 500,000 yo Location: Africa and Europe Features: Less prominent supraorbital torus and larger cranial capacity (1200-1400cc) than homo erectus. Taller and more muscular than modern humans. No chin.
Homo erectus
Age: 1.5 mill to 300,000 yo. Location : Asia, Europe. 1st hominin outside of Africa. Fossils: Multiple crania and post crania. Crania capacity 850 to 1100cc.
Where are the earliest hominins found?
Chad, Africa
What is Sahelanthropus?
The Earliest Hominins,
6-7mya
Central Africa- Chad
cc 320-280 tiny brains
Why do most biological anthropologists consider Sahelanthropus a hominin (i.e. bipedal)?
The large opening (foramen magnum) where the spinal cord exits out of the cranium from the brain is located further forward (on the underside of the cranium) than in apes or any other primate except humans. This feature indicates that the head of Sahelanthropus was held on an upright body, probably associated with walking on two legs.
Which species are known as the “robust” australopithecines
Paranthropus robustus, boisei, aethiopicus
What are the differences between the robust australopithecines and the gracile australopithecines (hint, crania are very different, postcrania are very similar)?
Different adaptation. Bcuz of their large teeth and heavily built crania. Did not evolve into Modern humans went extinct. Have too many unusual adaptations.
What did the diet of the robust australopithecines consist of?
Harder shelled fruits, social insects (termites)
Which hominin shows the first evidence of stone tool making?
Oldowan
What is a handaxe and how does it differ from the stone tools that proceded it?
The hand axe is a round pear shaped stone which has been work on two sides used for cutting by the acheulian (homo erectus)
Which hominin shows the first evidence of controlled use of fire?
Acheulian Homo erectus
Which is the most energetically expensive organ in the human body?
Our brains
When do we see the evolution of modern human body proportions?
1.8–1.5 Mya Homo erectus and Homo ergaster were the first of the hominina to leave Africa
The approx. dates for when humans leave Africa for the first time
125,000 yo
The approx. dates for when humans leave Africa for the first time ( reach Europe)
30,000 yo
The approx. dates for when humans leave Africa for the first time (reach Australia)
45,000 yo
Do we have any evidence that modern humans and neanderthals interbred?
Europeans and Asians share about 1-4% of their DNA with Neanderthals and Africans none. This suggests that modern humans bred with Neanderthals after moderns left Africa but before they spread to Asia and Europe. - See more at: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Homo-neanderthalensis/#sthash.EyznD30Y.dpuf
Which species gave rise to the neanderthals and where?
Neander Valley. The species is named after Neandertal ("Neander Valley"), the location in Germany where it was first discovered.
Which species gave rise to the modern humans and where?
Modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago
What is the Denisova Hominin?
discovery of a finger bone fragment of a juvenile female who lived about 41,000 years ago, found in the remote Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia, a cave which has also been inhabited by Neanderthals and modern humans.
Out of Africa/Replacement models of human evolution
The anatomically modern humans arose in Africa, Migrated out from Africa, and replaced any and all archaic Homo populaytions in Europe and Asia.
Multiregional
Modern Humans Evolve in Multiple Regions
Europe, Africa and Asia
Neanderthals show many adaptations for what type of climate ?
Colder Climates
What is the most important cranial feature for identifying modern humans from other hominins?
Cranial Capacity, supraorbital torus, Nuchal Torus, and long and low brain case.
Homo Floresiensis
From the island of Flores in Indonesia, 18,000 yo 380cc, about a meter tall, island dwarf,.

likely to evolve from Homo eretus.