Genocide 2 Part 3 And 4

Front 1

Lecture 3

Back 1

the doctors

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1.

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Euthanasia

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in 1939, the Nazi's began targeting ____ for mass death

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those unwanted to the regime (life unworthy of life- life without hope)

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this was based on the ___ movement

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Eugenics (seeking to preserve Aryan nation--- keep free from taint)

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first group to be targeted

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disabled children

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1939, a decree was sent to all phsycians, nurses, and midwives to ___

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report all newborns and children under age of 3 who show signs of physical/mental disability

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furthermore, parents were encouraged to ___

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admit their disabled children to a "pediatric clinic"

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what were these clinics actually?

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killing centres- lethal injection/starvation

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what did the parents hear ?

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they were sent notes saying their child had died of natural causes

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however... they became ___

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suspicious so the program was susppended for a short time

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over time, children up to age __ were sent to this program, with over ____ murdered this way

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17, 5,000

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2 months into the program, Hitler signed a ____

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secret order protecting medical staff from prosecution for participating in the program

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this was the first step towards what

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encompassing murdering more citizens (children and adults)

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the newly expanded program became known as

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T4- (headquartered in Berlin at Tiergartenstrasse 4)

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T4 operators developed __ in germany and austria

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Gassing centres (victims gassed in shower rooms, and parents were given death certificates with fake causes)

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who was the medical head of T4

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Dr. Brandt

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public awareness finally led to ___ and in 1941, Hitler called a _____ however by then, ___ people had died

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protests; public halt; some 70,000 people had died (2 years and that many)

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however...

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even though it publicly ended, programs often still continued

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2.

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selections

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once the ___ had been implemented, doctors were ___

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final solution; very incolved in the death camps process

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primary duty

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selections- deciding who was fit for work and who was sent immediately to chambers

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who was generally sent to chambers upon arrival?

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elderly, babies, young children, sick, and pregnant

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3.

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medical experiments

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the experiments carried out by doctors fell into three broad categories:

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1) war-injury related experiments
2) pharmaceutical testing of drugs and experimental treatment for disease/injury
3) racial experiments/genetic tests

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War injury related experiments

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..

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Dr. Rascher

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preformed freezing/hypothermia experiments at Dachau, Auschwitz, and Birkenau
- simulate conditions experienced by German soldiers on Eastern front
- see how they could be revived and under what conditions they died

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two techniques were used

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1) strap a naked prisoner to a gurney and leave outside
2) lower victim into vat of icy water

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attemps to revive consisted of:

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sun lamps (burns), hot baths (burns), or have hot water forced into stomach, bladder, and intestines

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pharmaceutical, disease, and injury-related testing

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...

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Compounds were tested at

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Sachsenhausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald

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these compounds tested to fight contagious diseases such as (6)

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malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and hepatitis

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what was tested at Ravensbruk

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Sulfa drugs (recently discovered)

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everywhere else

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prisoners subject to gas poisoning to test antidotes

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new methods in Ravensbruk

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used to deal with fractures or war wounds.... legs were broken/amputated, transplants were attempted

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Genetics research

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...

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racial experiments were conducted for the purpose of ___

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proving the superiority of the Nordic races

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most imfamous of these studies was done by ____, physician of _____

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Dr. Mengele, Birkenau

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he targeted _____

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mainly children- twins, dwarfs, or people with physical abnormalities- tested and examined them and traumatized them

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when he was finished with a victim..

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they would be killed through injections and often dissected

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after dissections

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specimens would be sent to Berlin for further research

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4.

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Mengele bio

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born to a ____ of ____ in ____, he received his ______ at ____

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well-to-do family of manufacturers in 1911, he received his PHD in physical anthropology at the university of Munich

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in 1937, he went to work for _____ where he became assistant to ____

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The Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt; Dr. Von Verchuer - a leading scientist known for his work on twins

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during the same time, mengele joined the ___

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nazi party

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in 1938, Mengele received a ___ and joined the ____

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medical degree; SS

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Drafted into the __ in 1940, Mengele served as a ___ for the _____ , and later as a _____ on the _____, where he was ____

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army; medical expert; Race and Settlement Office (met Eichmann); medical officer; eastern front; wounded

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in 1943, he was promoted to the rank of SS ____ and sent to ____

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captain; Auschwitz

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at Auschwitz, he was originally the _______ reporting to ___, but was quickly promoted to ___

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medical officer for Birkenau's Gypsy camp; Wirth; Chief camp physician of Birkenau

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became known as the ____ among inmates because of ___

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angel of death; his apperances at selections

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he also often apeared on the ___ to make ___

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ramp; selections of "specimens" - twins or other inidivudlas with genetic traits he wanted to study

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he also conducted a wide number of experiments aimed at __

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demonstrating the lack of resistence among Jews and Rom to various diseases.. as well as the link between these groups and physical oddities

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he had a fascination with ___

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eye colour and the ability of someone two have two different colours-- he collected eyes of dead and would inject with chemicals

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simese twins

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in one experiment, he supervised the sewing of two Roman children together.. their hands became badly infected where the viens had been resected

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prisoner-physicians

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were often aiding in his work... preforming measurements, experiments, collections, and autopsies

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he was seen by many as an ___

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enigma

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why..

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because he could be very kind to the children and the prisoner-physicians

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children reported that ..

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"uncle Mengele" would often be gentle with them and bring them chocolates or clothes

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at the end of the war...

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Mengele escaped to South America where he died some 34 years later

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5. Doubling

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(Lifton's ideas)

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doubling theory is a ___ theory

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social psychological

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is doubling like Goffman's front and back stage

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NO

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what question is this theory answering

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how could doctors, who are trained to heal, use their skills and tools to kill?

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doubling is defined as

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the division of the self into two functioning wholes, so that a part self acts as an entire self

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this process is diferent from __ or ___ because

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dissociation or splitting because both selves are whole and represent integral parts of the person

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basically overall:

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you are truely yourself in both roles, one gets played up more in a certain situation than others

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Lifton argues doubling process is ____ meaning

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adaptive- its a response to external situations that can be both positive and negative

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t Aushcwitz, doubling became

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the psychological means by which one invokes the evil potential of the self, while still retaining a sense of one's self as normal, everyday person

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Lifton relates the Nazi doctors to the __

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mafia

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therefore, No __, no ___

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Auschwitz, Mengele

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doubling is a result of ____ on the self

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institutional demands

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it is a ___ found to varying extents among ____

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group norm; all the doctors studied

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lifton makes one final point very clear:

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one still remains ethically and morally responsible for their behaviour

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lecture 4

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Hitler

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1. Who is responsible for the final solution

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...

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while there are still debates as to the question of whether the final solution was intended from the very beginning of the nazi regime, most hitorians today agree on one thing:

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No hitler, no holocaust

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In support of this positions, most hisotirans point to the fact that...

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Hitler had ultimate say over the running of the country, and that a step of this magnitude could not have proceeded without his personal approval

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unfortunately..

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no direct order from Hitler authorizing the final solution in writing has ever been found

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most agree it is unlikley to find such a thing because

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the Nazi leaders appear to have made every effort to distance himself from ever being directly linked

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however, we do have ..

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inidications from various sources that Hitler did give verbal orders for genocide

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3 sources:

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1) diary entries from Goebbels (Nazi propaganda minister)
2) diary entry from Himmler of a meeting with Hitler in 1941
3) Written/verbal testimony of Hoess that he was told by Himmler that Hitler ordered the final solution and that Hoess would play a major role in it

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Hitler's own words on his responsibility:

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" every bullet that is now fired from the barrel of a police pistol is my bullet. If that is called murder, then i have committed murder, for i have ordered it all: I take responsibility for it" (1933)

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to be clear however, this does not mean that

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individual perps are not responsible

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one noticeable exception to the "no Hitler, no holocaust" line of reasoning has been the work of historian ___

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Irving

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Irving argues that

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Hitler did not know about the Holocaust because there was no Holocaust for Hitler to know about and the numbers of dead were grossly inflated (ironic because hes admitting there was death...)

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2. Hitler ...

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...

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overall, he is the ____from 1933-1945

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founder and leader of Nazi party, Reich Chancellor, and Head of State and Supreme commander for Armed Forces

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Born in ___ in ____ , he was the son of ____ and ____

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Austria, 1889; son of 52 year old customs official Alois, and his third wife a young peasant girl named Klara Poelzl

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as a child he was said to be deeply ____

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hostile towards his strict, authoritarian father, and strongly attached to his mother

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he left school at __ and went to ____

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16, vienna with hopes of being a painter

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what happened.

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he was rejected by the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts, and spent what he termed as "five years of misery and woe" living largely as a homeless artist living hand to mouth

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it is said that during this time he developed

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an obsession with politics and a pathological hatred for Jews and Marxists- he engaged in many debates

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much of the political discourse in Vienna was ____

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openly anti-semetic, with Jews being bamed for all forms of corruption and destruction

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ironically, many of the intellects during this time... i.e. Freud... are actually

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jews

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Hitler left Vienna for Germany when WWI broke out, and ___

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joined the army as a dispatch runner. he was twice injured and spent the war reovering from a gas attack that led him temporarily blind

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He was driven to rage by

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the terms of the Versailles treaty, which he saw as humiliation of the German people at the hands of the Jews

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in 1919, he was sent by the german government to...

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spy on political parties, seeking to discover which ones might be in the process of trying to overthrow gov't

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in the fall, he joined the

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German Worker's Party, which was renamed the National Socialist German Worker's Party

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by 1921, he was ___

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Chairman of the party which was growing due to the creation of the SA and SS

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They talked about Jews being the ___ of the nation

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tuberculosis

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The Beer Hall Putsch

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in 1923, Hitler was convinced the Weimar republic was on the verge of collapse so Hitler staged a revolt to overthrow the Bavarian government

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how did it go

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it failed ad he was arrested, tried, and sentenced to 5 years (he did 9 months)

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During his prison term..

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he dictated "Mein Kampf" (my struggle), which set out his beliefs

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in the 1930 elections, the Nazi party won __

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107 seats in the Reichstag (German parliament)

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Hitler ran for presidenccy in ___ but

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1931, but lost to Hindenburg

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however, in 1933, Hindenburg..

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pressured by powerful Nazi sympathizers, nominated Hitler to be Reich Chancellor

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he quickly ___

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consolidated his power to become aboluste leader of the German people

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3 explanations for Hitler's Anti-semitism

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1) The Jewish doctor theory (Binion)
2) The stab in the back treaty theory (Reuth)
3) The child abuse/Jewish grandparent theory (Miller)

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The Jewish Doctor theory

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Binion

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Argued that..

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Hitler's anti-semitism was rooted in a particular event: the death of his beloved mother Klara in 1907

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Klara had

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breast cancer and was treated by a Jewish doctor (Boch)

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Bloch administered

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a form of iodine that was very painful and toxic. it was unsuccessful and she died

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after her death, Bloch

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supposedly presented Hitler with a large bill, which reinofrced in his mind the sterotypes of jews

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a Nutshell version of this theory

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Jews (Bloch) represented a cancer on the German motherland (Klara)

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problem with theory:

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According to Hitler, he had no anti-semetic views until he reached Vienna... research also shows he had nothing but gratitude for the treatment given

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The stab in the back treaty theory

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Reuth

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Argues that

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Hitler blamed the Jews for both the Russion revolution and collapse of German economy

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Reuth argues that while Hitler was most likely a ___, that turned into___

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bigot; a full blown muderous hatred after 1919

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at that time, almost half of Germany banks were ...

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owned by Jewish people, stock echanged dominanted with Jewish stockbrokers, and newspaper/retailers Jewish owned

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why "stab in the back"

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easy to argue that the Jews can be blamed for the loss of the war beause they profitied from Germany's losses

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to support this point, Reuth shows..

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that Hitler had many Jewish aquaintances in Vienna- that is, in the year before WWI

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the child abuse/Jewish grandparent theory

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miller

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argues that..

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child abuse can have political conscequences by shaping the characters of tyrants who come to power

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in support of this argument, she points that..

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Hitler was cruelly abused (physical, mental, emotional) by his violent father

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in relation to understanding why the Jews came target to Hiler's murderous intentions, Miller recited an old rumour that...

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Alois Hitler may have been part-Jewish... she says this tormented Alois so he acted out on his children in rage

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Miller also explains why Hitler ordered the Euthenasia program:

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His schizophrenic Aunt Johanna frightened him

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4 problems with this theory... because we don't have proof of the following:

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1) Alois was Jewish or thought he was
2) that Alos suffered because he thought he was Jewish
3) that Alois acted out in ager because of such thoughts
4) that Hitler believed this story and acted accordingly

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What did filmmaker Lanzmann have to say

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that we should never ask why because any attempt to explain Hitler, to some degree, exonerates his actions

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for Lanzmann, all the various explanations of Hitler are both

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true and false

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he feels they're all ___ and ____ conditions for generating the holocaust

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necessary and sufficient

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but even so, ..

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"there is no solution of continuity between the two, there is rather a gap, an abyss, and this abyss will never be bridged"