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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is considered the father of genetics?
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Gregor Mendel
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What type of organism did Mendel study?
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pea plants
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What are some advantages to studying pea plants?
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easy to make crosses
easy to grow and maintain short life cycle with many offspring easy to see traits |
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the study of genes and inheritance
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genetics
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What is self-pollination?
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when the pollen of one plant lands on the female portion of the same plant and eventually fertilizes the ovules to make seeds
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What is cross-pollination?
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when the pollen from one plant lands on a different plant and eventually fertilizes the ovules to make seeds
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an organism's characteristics
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traits
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a piece of DNA that codes for a protein or trait
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gene
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the different forms of a gene - T or t
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alleles
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the allele that hides another allele when in the heterozygous (hybrid) state
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dominant
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the allele that is hidden by a dominant allele when in the heterozygous (hybrid) state
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recessive
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having two identical alleles for a trait: TT or tt
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homozygous
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having two different alleles for a trait: Tt
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heterozygous
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Mendel's 3 principles
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1. dominance
2. segregation 3. independent assortment |
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Mendel's original purebred generation
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P generation
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the organisms Mendel got by crossing two of the original purebred parents
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F1 generation
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the organisms Mendel got by crossing two F1 organisms
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F2 generation
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What does the F stand for in F1 and F2?
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filial (son)
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Mendel's idea that the alleles separate and only one is passed on to the offspring
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principle of segregation
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Mendel's idea that getting one allele had no effect on the chances of getting another allele
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principle of independent assortment
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the chance or likelihood that an event will occur
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probability
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a box used to predict genetic probabilities
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Punnett square
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an organism's genetic composition: TT, Tt or tt
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genotype
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an organism's physical characteristics or appearance: tall or short
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phenotype
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a one factor cross where the organisms involved are both hybrids for the trait
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monohybrid cross
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a two factor cross where the organisms involved are both hybrids for both traits
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dihybrid cross
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the genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross
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1:2:1
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the phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross
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3:1
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the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross
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9:3:3:1
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when one trait doesn't completely hide another and there is a third, intermediate phenotype: red crossed with white makes pink
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incomplete dominance
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when two traits are equally expressed: A blood and B blood make AB blood
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codominance
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when a gene has 3 or more forms: ABO gene for blood type
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multiple allele trait
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when many genes control a trait giving many possible phenotypes: skin color
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polygenic trait
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the debate about whether your genes or your environment have a bigger part in controlling your traits
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nature vs. nurture
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Why do we have two chromosomes of each type?
homologous chromosomes |
one from each parent - mom and dad
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What are the two chromosomes that are the same size and shape and carry the same general type of genetic information?
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homologous
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What are the two non-homologous chromosomes?
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X and Y - sex chromosomes
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the genes carried on the same chromosome
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linked genes
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this shows where all the genes are found on a specific chromosome
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gene map
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How did Mendel prevent his pea plants from self-pollinating?
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cut off the pollen producing parts (stamen)
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What is meant by the term true-breeding or purebred?
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organisms that produce offspring like themselves - in pea plants by self-pollination
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