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31 Cards in this Set

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What is the genetic material in most cells? What is a nucleotide?
Two different kinds of genetic material exists in cells: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), Nucleotides are the fundamental building blocks of DNA and RNA. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
nucleus
a membrane enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cells genetic material. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression
nucleolus
is a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis
ribosome
are small organelles found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA
mitochondria
is a small intercellular organelle which is responsible for energy production and cellular respiration
chloroplasts
organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis
centrioles
found at either pole of a cell during cell division. Spindle fibers attach to the centrioles at one end and chromosomes at the other end. When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids are separated during cell division, they move towards the centrioles
vacuoles
membrane-bound fluid filled spaces in plant and animal cells that remove waste products and store ingested food
endoplasmic reticulum
are structures outside the nucleus of a cell that contain RNA. This is where protein synthesis actually takes place
rough endoplasmic reticulum
is a system of membranous tubes and sacs containing ribosomes which function in the manufacture of membrane-bound proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranous tubes and sacs that functions in lipid synthesis
What is transcription?
The organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA
What is translation?
Translation is the first stage of protein biosynthesis. Translation is the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription. Translation proceeds in four phases: activation, initiation, elogation, and termination
What is eugenics?
The study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding ( especially as applied to human mating )
What is epigenesist?
A person who supports the theory that the development of an organism from an undifferentiated cell, consisting in the successice formation and development of organs and parts that do not preexist in the fertilized egg
What is preformation?
Preformationism is the theory that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding generations grow from homunculi, animalcules, or other fully-formed but miniature versions of themselves that have existed since the beginning of creation
What is euphenics?
the science of making biological (phenotypic) improvements to humans after birth
What is cytogenetics?
Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes
What is transmission genetics and who helped develop this field?
Genetic transmission is the transfer of genetic information from genes to another generation (from parent to offspring), almost synonymous with heredity[1], or from one location in a cell to another. Darwin helped to develop this field.
What is the chromosomic number in somatic cells?
46 / 23 , 2nc
What is “chiasma?”
A visible point of junction between two non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic prophase
What is a bivalent?
A physical connection between homologous chromosomes that forms during meiosis. Crossing over takes place when the chromosomes are in this orientation
What is a monad?
a single-celled microorganism (especially a flagellate protozoan)
Know the steps of mitosis and meiosis. Stress their differences.
mitosis- 2 daughter cells, somatic cells=body cells, it repairs the body cells, identical cells, diploid and it takes 5 phases
meiosis- sex cells, genetically different, 4 cells= sperm-gametes and eggs, they cross over, haploid, and it takes 9 phases.
What happens during interphase?
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division. In preparation for cell division it increases its size and number of organelles, and makes a copy of its DNA
synapsis
the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis
protein p53
p53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53), is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53 gene.[1][2][3] p53 is important in multicellular organisms, where it regulates the cell cycle and thus functions as a tumor suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer. As such, p53 has been described as "the guardian of the genome," "the guardian angel gene," and the "master watchman," referring to its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation.[4]
gene
A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring
allele
An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome
locus
the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome
testcross
In genetics, a test cross, first introduced by Gregor Mendel, is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait. More simply, test crosses determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype.