Genetics Test 3

Front 1

Structural Genomics

Back 1

Mapping of genome

Front 2

Comparative Genomics

Back 2

Comparison of genomes, look at conserved regions

Front 3

Functional Genomics

Back 3

Analysis of gene function and non-translated sequences

Front 4

Proteomics

Back 4

Study of compliment of proteins present in cell

Front 5

Site Directed Mutagenesis

Back 5

Induce mutation through PCR (insertion, deletion...), used to determine protein function

Front 6

Yeast 2 Hybrid Assay

Back 6

Bind protein X to binding domain of Gal 4, bind protein Y to binding domain of Gal 4, see if transcription occurs. Expression of reporter gene means X and Y interact.

Front 7

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Back 7

attach proteins to DNA with formaldehyde crosslinks, cut DNA with protein attached, place in column with antibodies for protein, wash DNA off, amplify.

Useful for finding protein-DNA interactions

Front 8

Transfection

Back 8

insertion of gene with engineered virus

Front 9

Gene therapy

Back 9

add required gene to deficient cells using transfection

Front 10

Make a Drug Producing Transgenic Goat!

Back 10

PCR target gene from humans and beta-casein gene from goat, ligate and clone into plasmid, transfect gene into endonucleated oocyte, plant into surrogate mother, produce AT milk!

Front 11

Extranuclear Inheritance

Back 11

genome unrelated inheritance

Front 12

Two organelle extranuclear inherited genomes?

Back 12

Mitochondrial and Chloroplast (mtDNA and cpDNA)

Front 13

mtDNA

Back 13

circular, lacks histones, heavy and light strand, lots of CG, inherited from mother

Translates for special tRNA b/c different codon usage

Front 14

Mitochondrial Disorders

Back 14

Mitochondrial Myopathies-weak muscles
Leber optic atrophy- impaired vision

Front 15

Molecular Evolution

Back 15

Looking at nucleotide sequences and seeing when they change, draw trees

Front 16

Synonymous mutation

Back 16

Same amino acid, usually third nucleotide

Front 17

Nonsynonymous mutation

Back 17

Changes amino acid, usually first two nucleotides

Front 18

Pseudogenes

Back 18

Gene duplicates

Front 19

Fourfold Degenerate Sites

Back 19

4 nucleotides, any can be changed without effect

Front 20

Twofold Degenerate Sites

Back 20

Purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine substitution

Front 21

Parologous genes

Back 21

Gene in same species with different function, caused by mutation in enhancer region

Front 22

Orthologous genes

Back 22

different species, same function; like amylase in lab

Front 23

HIV resistance/immunity

Back 23

CCR5 receptor has deletion & frameshift, can't bring in HIV. One allele is resistance, two is immunity

Front 24

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Equation

Back 24

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Front 25

Hardy Weinberg uses

Back 25

Find genotype and allele frequency, look at mutation rates

Front 26

How does allele frequency change between generations?

Back 26

It doesn't.

Front 27

Hardy Weinberg Assumptions

Back 27

Random mating, no genetic drift, no mutations, no selection, no migration

Front 28

FBI STR analysis

Back 28

16 STRs, many different alleles for each, look at frequency of genotypes in pop.

Front 29

Polygenetic Traits

Back 29

Caused by multiple genes

Front 30

Multifactorial Traits

Back 30

traits caused by environment and genes

Front 31

GWAS

Back 31

Look at parts of multifactorial genes, like breast cancer in African American women

Front 32

cpDNA

Back 32

circular, different CG density, larger than mtDNA

codes for tRNA, cp rRNAs

Front 33

Maternal Effect

Back 33

In early development, maternal genotype determines embryo phenotype

Front 34

Shell Coiling in Snails

Back 34

Maternal effect causes all F1 to be coiled same way even though one is homo. recessive. F2 from homozygous recessive cross gives shell coiled opposite way

Front 35

Difference between extranuclear inheritance and maternal effect?

Back 35

in E, phenotype = genotype
in M, phenotype =/= genotype but = maternal genotype

Front 36

Stage 1 development

Back 36

fertilized egg

Front 37

Stage 2

Back 37

early cleavage, cluster of nuclei

Front 38

stage 3

Back 38

Pole-cell formation, nuclei go to periphery

Front 39

Stage 4

Back 39

Synciytial Blastoderm- nuclei on edge of cell

Front 40

Stage 5

Back 40

Cellular Blastoderm-nuclei in separate cells

Front 41

Nurse Cells

Back 41

Mother cells that associate with oocyte with cytoplasmic bridges. Regulate polarity and cause maternal effect.

Front 42

Drosophila Segments

Back 42

7 head, 3 thorassic, 8 abdominal

Front 43

Parasegment

Back 43

Anterior of one and posterior of adjoining segment, include segment split. Lots of gene development

Front 44

Classes of Segmentation Genes

Back 44

Coordinate Genes, Gap genes, Pair rule genes, Segment polarity genes

Front 45

Coordinate genes

Back 45

define anterior/posterior axis, all maternal effect. Bicoid is one

Front 46

Bigoid gene

Back 46

Coordinate. Morphogen. Transcriptional regulator in certain regions. Regulates anterior specific genes. Gradient from anterior-posterior regions.

Front 47

Morphogen

Back 47

Induces differentiation of cell types

Front 48

nanos and torso genes

Back 48

upregulated by Bicoid. Nanos is translational repressor for anterior genes, torso is a pole specific gene

Front 49

Gap genes

Back 49

6, regulated by coordinate genes. Hunchback and Krupple. Regionally specific, and overlap codes for different things

Front 50

Pair Rule Genes

Back 50

8, regulated by gap genes. Give segmentation. like Hairy

Front 51

Combinatorial control

Back 51

two things regulate one gene, different from individual regulation

Front 52

Hairy gene

Back 52

pair rule gene, 7 promoter sites

Front 53

Segment polarity genes

Back 53

Create spatial differentiation in segments

Front 54

Imaginal Disks

Back 54

Disks in larvae that correspond to structures in adult

Front 55

Homeotic Genes

Back 55

HOX, contain homeobox-180 nucleotide conserved sequence, differentiate body segments.

Front 56

bithorax mutation

Back 56

fly develops two sets of wings, HOX gene

Front 57

Epistasis use

Back 57

find gene regulation pathway, use crosses and things