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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adenine
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Name
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Cytosine
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Name
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Guanine
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Name
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Thymine
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Name
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Uracil
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Name
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2'-deoxyribose
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Name
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Purine linkage (1-9 linkage)
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Name linkage
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Pyrimidine Linkage (1-1 Linkage)
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Name linkage
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Ribose
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Name
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Nucleotide
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Unit structure of DNA. Composed of nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphoric acid
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Chemical unit of heritable information
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Erwin Chargaff
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Described fundamental ratios of nitrogenous bases in DNA
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Tetranucleotide Hypothesis
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4 bases are present in equal amounts. Tested by Chargaff
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Chargaff's Rules
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#A=#T, #G=#C
(A+G)=(T+C) %(G+C)≠%(A+T) |
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Rosalind Franklin
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Used x-ray diffraction to obtain pictures of DNA molecule. Recognized DNA as helical
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Periodicity of DNA
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Bases are 3.4Å apart with 10 bases per turn.
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Model of DNA
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- Right handed helix
- 1 complete turn= 34Å - Diameter= 20Å - Space between pairs= 3.4Å - 10 bases per turn - Antiparallel - Major and minor grooves alternate |
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Avery, Macleod, and McCarty
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-Made the TRANSFORMING PROPERTY- heritable properties are carried on DNA
-Used mice to show that DNA is capable of transformation |
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Hershey and Chase
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-DNA is the bio-molecule of heredity
-Used bacteriophage to show that DNA is genetic material -Protein is not the genetic material |
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Erwin Chargaff
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Base composition/ chemistry of DNA
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Watson and Crick
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Chemical components, physical structure, and molecular form of DNA
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Classic form of DNA
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Beta form
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DNA Sequencing
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The determination of the precise sequence of nucleotides in a sample of DNA
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Common method of DNA sequencing
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Chain termination
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Chain termination occurs with
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dideoxynucleotides
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Needed for DNA Sequencing
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1) ssDNA template
2) Primer 3) DNA polymerase 4) dNTP's 5) Appropriate dideoxynucleotides |
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Electrophoresis
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Uses electric field to seperate fragments based on size and length
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AZT
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Slows down replication
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Alpha form of DNA
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- High slat, dehydrated conditions
- More compact- 11 bp/turn - 23Å diameter |
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Z form of DNA
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- Zig zag conformaion
- No major grooves - Left handed helix |
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Function of DNA
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Genotype- form of genetic info
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Function of RNA
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Intermediate of phenotype, sometimes genotype
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Bases of DNA
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A=T, C=G
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Bases of RNA
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A=U, C=G
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Sugar of DNA
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2' deoxyribose
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Sugar of RNA
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Ribose
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Unit structure of DNA
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Nucleotides
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Unit structure of RNA
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Nucleotides
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Gross structure of DNA
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Always double stranded helical
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Gross structure of RNA
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Generally single stranded linear, when genotype, can be double sranded helical
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Genome
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Total number of nucleotides present in an organism that constitutes genetic information; diploid content of genetic information
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Genome Complexity
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Organizaion of nucleotide; biological properties
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Genome Size
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Number of nucleotides
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Reassosciation Kinetics
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Isolate DNA -> Fragment into small peices -> Heat/Denature -> Cool/Renature -> Fragments reassociate by complimentarity
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Reassociation is dependent on
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Genome size and complexity
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Fast Reassosciation
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Short repetitive sequences
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Slow Reassociation
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Longer lengths of DNA with increased complexity
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Cot curve shape
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Genome Complexity
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Cot curve length
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Genome size
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Highly Repetitive DNA
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- Non-coding
- Rapid reassociation - 5-10 bp in length - 5-10% of genome - Around centromeres and telomeres - Maintains chromosome morphology |
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Moderately Repetitive DNA
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- Non-coding
- 150-500 bp in length - 5-10% of genome - Repeated 700-900,000 times - Non coding- mutation buffers |
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Unique DNA
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- Coding- genotype
- 1,000-15,000 bp in length - 35,000 genes in humans - 1-5% of total nucleotides |
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C-value
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The amount of DNA contained in the haploid genome of a species
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C-value Paradox
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Excess DNA is present that does not seem to be essential to the development or evolutionary divergence of eukaryotes
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G2 Phase
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Cells prepare for division
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G1 Phase
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Cells sit- DNA is stringy
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S/R Phase
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- DNA makes copies and sister chromatids
- DNA synthesis and replication |
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M Phase
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Mitosis
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Semi-conservative Replication
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Watson and Crick proposed form. Following synthesis of the new strands, each parent strand links with a new strand in complimentary fashion
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Conservative Replication
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Synthesis follows Watson and Crick's model however by some mechanism, each parental strand reforms together while the 2 new strands also link together
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Dispersive Replication
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Each parental strand goes through a cleavage process followed by reforming of all strands together
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Replicated Homologs
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Sister chromatids
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Replicon
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Site of replication
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Arthur Kornberg
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DNA is universal/ highly conserved
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Replication always occurs in which direction?
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5' -> 3'
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DNA Gyrase
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- Member of the family of topoisomerases
- Reduces super-cooling of DNA |
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Helicase
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Opens DNA strands making them ssDNA
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Primase
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Lays down an RNA primer
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DNA Polymerase
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Binds RNA primer at 3' OH and makes new strands
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Ligase
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Joins together the newly synthesized strands of DNA by sealing the phosphodiester bonds
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Telomerase
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Fills in any gaps created at tips of the 3' ends in the old DNA strand
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DNA Replication
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1) Helicase binds to DNA strands and pull them apart
2) Primase recognizes origin points, binds to ssDNA, lays down RNA primer 3) Synthesis in 5' -> 3' direction 4) DNA pol removes primers and replaces them with DNA 5) Ligase fills gaps between fragments 6) Telomerase binds at 3' end to remove unmatched pairs |
