Genetics Set 1

Front 1

Distinguish between sex chromosomes and autosomes

Back 1

Sex- partially homologous chromosomal pairs, determine sex, position of the centromere may not be the same

Autosomes- homologous chromosomal pairs, both pairs are the same height, position of the centromere is the same

Front 2

If you have a chromosome pair that is not the same height, what is it?

Back 2

Sex Chromosome Y

Front 3

Chromatid

Back 3

Two identical copies

Front 4

Sister Chromatid

Back 4

The two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome, that are joined at the centromere. "one half" of the duplicated chromosome

Front 5

A full set of sister chromatids is created during the _______ phase of ________.

Back 5

Synthesis phase of interphase

Front 6

Homologous chromosomes

Back 6

The two different copies of a chromosome that diploid organisms inherit, from each parent

Front 7

Gene

Back 7

A locus of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product and is the molecular unit of heredity

Front 8

Allele

Back 8

One of a number of alternative forms of the same gene. Can cause different phenotypic traits, or no observable difference

Front 9

Diploid

Back 9

Organisms with two sets of chromosomes (homologous chromosomes)

Front 10

Are two connected sister chromatids considered one or two chromosomes?

Back 10

They are the two identical halves of one chromosome

Front 11

What is the goal of Meiosis I?

Back 11

To separate homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells

Front 12

What is the goal of Meisosis II?

Back 12

To separate the sister chromatids, creating 4 haploid daughter cells

Front 13

Describe the stages of Meiosis

Back 13

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

Front 14

Describe Prophase

Back 14

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange DNA, resulting in crossing over (1). Centromeres move to the polar regions (2)

Front 15

Metaphase

Back 15

Homologous chromosome pairs move together to the middle of the cell (1). The centromeres move to opposite poles (2)

Front 16

Anaphase

Back 16

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles (1). Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles (2)

Front 17

Telophase

Back 17

Each daughter cell gets pinched, off, creating 2 cells (1). In 2, you end up with 4 new daughter cells.

Front 18

Why is crossing over important?

Back 18

It is a significant source of genetic variation and result in a new combination of alleles, which may be beneficial.

Front 19

Compare mitosis vs. meiosis

Back 19

Mitosis- CEll division that produces genetically identical daughter cells from 1 single parent cell

Meiosis- Division of a germ cell, giving rise to 3 gametes, which are haploid

Front 20

Does crossing over occur in mitosis?

Back 20

No- mitosis produces genetically identical cells

Front 21

What is the law of independent assortment?

Back 21

Alleles for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring (ie: one section of an allele has nothing to do with the selection of an allele for any other trait)

Front 22

Who came up with the law of independent assortment?

Back 22

Mendel, in his dihybrid cross experiments

Front 23

Chromosome

Back 23

A condensed segment of DNA and genes

Front 24

Does the word chromosome describe the shape, structure or how condensed the DNA is?

Back 24

No- Chromatin does

Front 25

Chromatin

Back 25

When a DNA segment is wrapped tightly around histones

Front 26

Chromatids

Back 26

Exact copies of the same chromosome

Front 27

Sister Chromatids

Back 27

identical pairs of the same chromosome, bound together

Front 28

Homolog

Back 28

Maternal-paternal chromosomes with the same genes, but are not identical. AKA Homologous chromosomes

Front 29

Centromere

Back 29

a central joining point of the sister chromatids

Front 30

Tetrad

Back 30

A homologous pair of sister chromatids

Front 31

Diploid

Back 31

Has 2 copies of the chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad

Front 32

Haploid

Back 32

Only 1 copy of the chromosome

Front 33

Chiasma

Back 33

Holds together homologous pairs of sister chromatids

Front 34

Crossing over

Back 34

Occurs in tetrad structure, provides genetic variability. Strands of the non-sister chromatids cross over and exchange genetic material

Front 35

Are there homologous pairs in haploid organisms?

Back 35

No

Front 36

Are there sister chromatids in haploid organisms?

Back 36

There can be

Front 37

Crossing over only occurs in....

Back 37

Homologous pairs

Front 38

What is the saying to remember the stages of mitosis?

Back 38

I pee more after tea and coke

Front 39

Describe what occurs in the stages in Mitosis

Back 39

1. Interphase- the cell is doing normal cell activity.

2. Prophase- the chromosomes replicate, and the spindle forms

3. Metaphase- the chromosomes get pulled to the metaphase plate

4. Anaphase- the chromosomes get pulled to different poles

5. Telophase and Cytokinesis- 2 daughter cells are formed

Front 40

After mitosis, what do the daughter cells looks like?

Back 40

An exact copy of the parent cell

Front 41

How do the results of mitosis and meiosis differ from each other?

Back 41

Mitosis- the daughter cells are diploid, there are only 2 created

Meiosis- the daughter cells are haploid, 4 are created

Front 42

Gametes

Back 42

The haploid, reproductive cells

Front 43

Gene

Back 43

A section of DNA that influences hereditary traits of an individual and encodes for a protein

Front 44

Sister chromatids are joined at the

Back 44

centromere

Front 45

2 Sister chromatids are _____ chromosome(s)

Back 45

1

Front 46

Meiosis is a __________ function

Back 46

reduction division function

Front 47

Gametogenesis

Back 47

creation of gametes

Front 48

How does crossing over promote genetic variability?

Back 48

Switches up the genes, creating new offspring with traits of both parents.

Front 49

Describe independent assortment

Back 49

Genes assort in crossing over independently of one another (ie the trait for blue eyes assorts independently of the blonde hair trait)

Front 50

What would happen if maternal chromosomes always lined up on one side, with paternal chromosomes on the other?

Back 50

Offspring would be either like their father or mother, and you wouldn't get new gene expression

Front 51

When do maternal and paternal homologs align randomly?

Back 51

Metaphase 1

Front 52

Nondisjunction

Back 52

Failure of the chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate, resulting in too many chromosomes

Front 53

What disease is a result of nondisjunction?

Back 53

Down Syndrome

Front 54

When can nondisjunction occur?

Back 54

In both anaphase 1 and 2

Front 55

What are homologous chromosomes?

Back 55

Chromosomes that are similar in their size, shape, and gene content

Front 56

What is a tetrad?

Back 56

A group of four chromatids produced when homologs synaps

Front 57

What is genetic recombination?

Back 57

The new combination of maternal and paternal chromosome segments that results when homologs cross ocer

Front 58

Meiosis II is similar to which process?

Back 58

Mitosis in a haploid cell

Front 59

Is it possible for an organism to do both sexual and asexual reproduction?

Back 59

Yes- redwood trees, fungi, etc.

Front 60

Can sexual reproduction occur in haploid organisms?

Back 60

Yes

Front 61

Describe how fungi undergo sexual reproduction

Back 61

Two filamentous fungi fuse together, and their nuclei fuse together, creating a diploid cell

Front 62

When in meiosis do sister chromatids separate?

Back 62

Anaphase II

Front 63

Where are chiasmata formed?

Back 63

Where crossing over is occurring

Front 64

Are the homologous chromosomes still attached in Metaphase?

Back 64

No

Front 65

How many cell divisions are in mitosis and meiosis?

Back 65

Mitosis- 1

Meiosis-2

Front 66

Which process requires a diploid cell?

Back 66

Meiosis

Front 67

In which process do the sister chromatids separate?

Back 67

Both mitosis and meiosis

Front 68

What are the two sources of genetic variation in meiosis?

Back 68

1. Crossing over

2. Law of independent assortment

Front 69

How many unique gamete types are produced from a 2N=8 cell?

Back 69

16 (2^4)

Front 70

How many unique gametes contain only paternal chromosomes?

Back 70

1

Front 71

Describe non-disjunction

Back 71

A failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to fully separate

Front 72

What are the consequences of non-disjunction

Back 72

Some gametes have too many chromosomes, and some have too few chromosomes.

Front 73

Monosomic

Back 73

A cell is missing 1 chromosome from a pair

Front 74

True or false- an embryo is non-viable if it is monosomic for any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Back 74

True

Front 75

Trisomic

Back 75

3 copies of a chromosome