Genetics Review For Final

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Theory of pangenesis

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proposed by darwin, proposed that cell of developing organs produces gemmules.

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Theory of preformationism

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Little humans developed in one of the sex cells

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Blending theory

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That the characteristics are blended together generation after generations

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Why was mendel succesful?

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he choose a very suitable organism, that were pure breeding. That showed discontinous characteristics at a time, and he used quantitative form of analysis

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Cross-fertilization

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that the pollen and egg are from different plants

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self-fertilization

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pollen and egg are from the same plant

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mendels first law of segregation

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during gamete formation, the paired factors segregate randomly so that half of the gametes receive one factor and half of the gamete received the other

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what is a genotype?

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the specific allelic composotion of an individual

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phenotype

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the physical apperance of an individual, and its the product of genotype , environment, and other genes

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test cross

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an organism with known phenotype but unkown genotype is crossed with an organism that has the recessive phenotype(homozygous)

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mendel secound law of independent assortment

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durring gamete formation, the secregation of any pair of hereditary determination is independent of the segregation of other pairs

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number of possible gemetes

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2^n

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number of different genotype in zygote

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3^n

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number of different phenotype produced

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2^

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proportion of homozygous in F2

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(1/4)^n

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Autosomal dominant

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-have at least one allele thats dominant
-found in every generation
-two affected parents can have an unaffected child
-unaffected parents produce unaffected children

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Autosomal recessive

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-skips generations
-has to have both recessive alleles to express the characteristic
-two affected parents can't produce an unaffected child.
-two unaffected parents can produce the affected child

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X-linked recessive

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-skips generations
-most affected are males, that receive the X from mothers
-Daughters get the affected X from mother or father

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x linked dominant

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-doesn' skip generation
-sons get affected from mothers
-daughters get affected from mother or father

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Y likned traits

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-only affects the males
-and males get it from there father

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penetrance

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the proportion of individuals with a specific genotype who manifest the corresponding phenotype.

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expressivity

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the degree to which the penetance gene is phenotypically expressed

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phenocopy

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an organism whose phenotype has been modified by a special environment to resemble the phenotype of a differnt organism
-the drue thalidomine that copied a genetic disorter

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product rule

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the probability of the occurance of independent events is the product of their respective probability
-Uses the word AND

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sum rule

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the probability of the occurance of one of several mutally exclusive events is the sum of their respective probability
-the word OR

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incomplete dominance

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the phenotype of the heterozygote is INTERMEDIATE between that of the homozygous
-also termed partial dominance

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codominance

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the phenotype of the heterozygous is a mixture of the phenotype of the homozygous
-example is the M N group in blood

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multiple alleles

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more than 2 alleles
-ABO is an example
-AB has no antibodies, but both antigen
-O has no antigen, and both antibodies

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RH factor

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is inherited separately from the ABO
-The D antigen is the most common
-D means that you have the RH factor
-d means that you dont have the factor

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Essential genes

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those that are essential to life

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non-essential genes

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those that are not essential for life

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recessive lethal allele

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if the heterozygous state is tolerated

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dominant lethal allele

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if the heterozygous state leads to death

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pleiotropy

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the phenomenon in which a single gene affects a # of seemingly unrelated charactes
-sickle cell anemia

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overdominace

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the phenomenon in which a heterozygous is more virous than both of the corresponding homozygous
-also called hydrid vigor

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gene

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a sequence of nucleotides that codes for RNA

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locus

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the precise position of a gene on a chromosome

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Allele

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alternating form of a gene

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metacentric

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center

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submetacentric

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offcenter

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acrocentric

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closer to the end

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telocentric

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at the end

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the p arm

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the short arm

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q arm

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the long arm

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asexual reproduction

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it is termed by which some unicellular organism produce new individuals
- and to accomplisgh multicellurity in many organsisms

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G1

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synthesis of proteins and RNA

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S

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synthesis of DNA

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G2

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synthesis of proteins and RNA