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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Along with internal fertilization, what two other things occur?
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1. Increased development of the reproductive ducts
2. Development of the accessory structures of the reproductive system |
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What are accessory structures?
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Characteristic parts of the reproductive sysem other than the gonads and ducts themselves
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What do accessory structures do?
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1. Facilitate the transfer of sperm
2. Make fertilization more likely to occur 3. Provide an environment for development of the zygote |
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A combination of the reproductive system and the urinary system is known as the what?
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Urogenital system
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What are teh accessory structures of male mammals?
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1. Cowper glands, the prostate gland, and the seminal vesicles
2. Scrotum 3. Sperm duct 4. Penis |
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What are the cowper glands, the prostate gland, and the seminal vesicles?
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Glands that produce fluid released with the sperm cells
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What does the seminal fluid contain?
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A. Mucus made of proteins
B. Proteolytic enzymes C. Glucose and Fructose D. Alkaline buffers E. Prostaglandins |
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What do the mucus made of proteins do?
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They serve to carry the sperm along and lubricate the sperm duct
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What do the proteolytic enzymes do?
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They degrade the protein in the mucus
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What do the glucose and fructose do?
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They provide energy for the movement of the sperm
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What are alkaline buffers?
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basic, acids, that keep sperm from being killed in order for reproduction to occur
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What are prostaglandins?
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They bring about the contraction of the smooth muscles in the oviduct that help to carry the sperm
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What is the scrotum?
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A sac-like structure made of skin that holds the testes; it has a lower temperature which aids in production of sperm
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What are seminiferous tubules?
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The smallest part of the sperm duct, located at the center of the testes, where the spermatogonium are found
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What does the vas efferens do?
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Carries the sperm from the center of the testes to the surface of the testes
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What does the epididymis do?
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Forms a loop on the surface of the testes; where sperm cells are stored
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What is the vas deferens?
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A tube from the urinary system, that empties into the urethra
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What does the urethra run along the length of?
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The penis
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What are the three corpora cavernosa?
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Spongy connective tissue that run down the length of the penis whic causes more blood to flow during sexual activity, thus resulting in an erection; erection of the penis is required for sexual reproduction
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What are the accessory structures of female mammals?
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1. Follicle surrounding each egg
2. Specializations of the oviduct 3. Labia minora, labia majora, and clitoris |
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What does the follicle surrounding each egg do?
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Provide nourishment for the egg cell
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The process in which the follicle breaks open and the egg cell is released is referred to as?
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Ovulation
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What are the specializations of the oviduct?
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The ostium with cilia, the fallopian tube, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina
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What is the ostium with cilia?
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It is a large funnel shaped structure that help to carry the egg along with the help of the cilia
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What is the fallopian tube?
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The narrower part of the oviduct
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What is the uterus?
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It is where the embryo is developed and carried
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What is the cervix?
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A ring of muscle (sphincter) at the end of the uterus
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What is the vagina?
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It is the opening part to the outside of the body lined with stratified squamous epithelial tissues which are protective tissues that specialize the vagina for intercourse
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What are the labia minora, the labia majora, and the clitoris?
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External accessory structures; folds of skin
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What is primordia (singular:primordium)?
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The early stages of development, that develop into the structures of the adult reproductive system
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What are homologues?
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Structures that arise from the same primordium
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What are female homologues?
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Ovaries, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, and the Bartholin's Glands
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What are the male homologues?
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Testes, scrotum, penis, and the Cowper's Glands
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Where does fertilization occur?
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In the oviduct, VERY near the ovaries
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What is the first event of fertilization?
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Sperm must penetrate through the outer layers of the egg (egg is still coated by some materials from the ovary) and enzymes present in the acrosome (tip of sperm) that allow the sperm to penetrate thru
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What is the second event of fertilization?
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The nucleus of the egg must unite with the nucleus of the sperm (haploid + haploid = diploid)
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What is the third event of fertilization?
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The fertilized egg must be activated to undergo mitosis
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Eggs of higer animals produce chemical substances that encourage fertilization and...?
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A. Cause sperm to stick to the egg
B. Stimulate the sperm to swim in order to make contact with the egg cell C. Prolong the viability (life) of the sperm |
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What prevents multiple fertilization?
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Changes in the membrane and cytoplasm of the egg (other sperm cells can't enter)
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The development of eggs without fertilization is called?
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Parthogenesis
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What does reproductive behavior do?
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A. Ensures that the sexes are brought together
B. Ensures that mating occurs at the appropriate time C. Ensures that the young are cared for |
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What does courtship behavior do?
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A. Decreases aggression
B. Identifies members of the same species but opposite sex |
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What are pheromones?
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They are also known as sex attractants and they are chemicals released by animals into the environments, but will only influence animals of the same species and are extremely active
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What controls seasonal breeding?
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Internal and external factors
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What are the internal controls of seasonal breeding?
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Hormones
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What are the external controls of seasonal breeding?
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Photoperiod (relative length of the day and night period)
Temperature Rainfall (rainy and dry season, mostly in desert areas) tides and waves |
