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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bivalent (aka tetrad)
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synapsed homologous chromosomes in the 1st prophase of meiosis
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chiasmata (single: chiasma)
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the crossed strands of nonsister chromatids seen in diplotene of the 1st meiotic division; the cytological evidence for exchange of chromosomal material, or crossing over
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sister chromatids
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longitudinal subunits of a replicated chromosome that are connected by a common centromere to form a chromosome
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chromosome
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a DNA mlc complexed with RNA and proteins that serve as a "vehicle" for transmitting genetic info (genes). visible during mitosis and meiosis
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crossover
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the exchange of genetic material bw homologous chromosomes by breakage and reunion. the exchange of material bw nonsister chromatids during meiosis is the basis of genetic recombination
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dyad
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the products of tetrad separation or disjunction at meiotic prophase I. Each dyad consists of 2 sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
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gametes
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sex cells with a haploid number of chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that synapse/pair during meiosis and that are identical with respect to their genetic loci and centromere placement
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monads
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dyads split during meiosis II into two monads of one chromosome each
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oogenesis
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the formation of ova, or eggs, which occurs in the ovaries
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spermatogenesis
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takes place in the testes to produce spermatozoa (or sperm)
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spores
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a unicellular body or cell encased in a protective coat, capable of surviving unfavorable conditions and gives rise to a new individual upon germination. In plants, they are the haploid products of meiosis
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synapse
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the pairing of homologous chromosomes during early meiosis
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synaptonemal complex (SC)
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an organelle consisting of a tripartite nuceloprotein ribbon that forms between the paired homologous chromosomes in the pachytene stage of the first meiotic division
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binomial probabilities
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allows us to calculate the probability of any specific combination of outcomes for any given number of potential events
[N!/(S!T!)] X [A^S X B^T] |
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chi-square analysis
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allows us to either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis
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conditional probability
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the probability that one outcome will occur, given the specific condition upon which this outcome is dependent (the events are not independent)
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dihybrid cross
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a genetic cross involving two characters in which the parents possess different forms of each character (e.g., yellow, round X green, wrinkled peas)
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dominant allele
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is expressed in the heterzygous condition
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gene
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unit of heredity; a DNA sequence coding for a single polypeptide
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genotype
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the allelic or genetic constitution of an organism
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heterozygous
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different allels at a locus; will not breed true
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homozygous
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identical alleles for a gene of interest; will breed true
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independent assortment
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the independent behavior of each pair of homologous chromosomes during their segregation in meiosis I; the random distribution of maternal and paternal homologs into gametes
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locus
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the site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located
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monohybrid cross
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a genetic cross involving only one character (e.g. AA X aa)
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null hypothesis
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used in statistical tests, the hypothesis that there is no real difference bw the observed and expected datasets; statistical methods such as chi-square analysis are used to test the probability associated with this hypothesis
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pedigree
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a diagram showing the ancestral relationships and transmission of genetic traits over several generations in a family
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phenotype
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the appearance of a genetically controlled trait
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product law
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the law holding that the probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their independent probabilities; "and" (ex having brown hair AND blue eyes)
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recessive allele
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expression is overridden in the heterozygous condition by a dominant allele
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segregation
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the separation of maternal and paternal homologs of each homologous chromosome pair into gametes during meiosis
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self cross
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the fertilization of a plant's ovules by pollen produced by the same plant
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sum law
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the probability of one of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities; Ex: probability of having brown eyes OR blue eyes
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testcross
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a cross between an individual whose genotype at one or more loci may be unknown and an individual who is homozygous recessive for the gene or genes in question
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