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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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explain the general cell cycle
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G 1
G1/S checkpoint S G2 G2/M checkpoint M |
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definition. a peice of DNA with genes and a centromere
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chromosome
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what are the basic stpes of mitosis
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prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase/cytokinesis |
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when does recombination occur
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metaphase I
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is anaphase I reduction division or not
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yes anaphase I is reduction division
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when do homologous chromosomes line up
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metaphase I
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describe prophase in more detail
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homologous chromosomes pair
synaptonemal complex forms chiasmata form at sight of recombination homologous chromosomes are held together by chiasmata |
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describe spermatogenesis
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spermatogonium
mitosis daughter cell primary spermatocyte meiosis I secondary spermatocyte meiosis II speratids spermatozoa |
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describe oogenesis
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oogonium
mitosis growth primary oocyte arrested in prophase meiosis one unequal cell division secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II olvulation meiosis two only if penetration occurs ovum |
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what is the primary oocyte arrested in
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prophase I
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what is the secondary oocyte arrested in
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metaphase two until ovulation
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does meiosis II of the secondary oocyte always occur
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no only if sperm penetrates
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describe flower sex
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megasporangium produces megaspores or female gametophyte
microsporangium produces microspores or pollen fertilization occurs |
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what do you need to remember when drawing interphase
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to draw the cell membrane
to note that chromosomes are not usually condensed in interphase |
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what are three ways to study genetics
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molecular
transmission population |
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what kind of genetics did mendel sutdy
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transmission
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define phenotype
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physical characteristics
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genotype
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what genes/alleles contribute to the characteristics
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define allele
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a version of a gene
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define gene
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a region of DNA that encodes a product that does something
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define locus
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the location of a gene on a chromosome
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what is the multiplication rule
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probability of two or more independent events occuring together is calculated by multiplying their individual probabilities
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what is the addition rule
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probability of two or more mutually exclusive events is calculated by adding the probability of each event
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if there is more than one way that something could happen do you use the multiplication or addition rule?
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addition (probably a combo)
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state the null hypothesis
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there is no real difference between the measured values and the predicted values
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do we reject if it is to the right or the left
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to the right we reject
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x^2
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sum(0-E)^2/E
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CC = lots of a protein
Cc= some of a protein cc= little protein what kind of dominance is this |
incomplete
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define penetrance
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percerntage of people with a sepcific genotype that show the phenotype
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define expressivity
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degree to which a phenotype is expressed within an individual
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define epistasis
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expression of one gene masks the expression of another
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what is an example of epistasis
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bombay syndrome
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what is complementation analysis
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test to see if mutations are on the same gene or not
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how could it be that two flies with mutated wings produce offspring with normal wings
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complementation
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if you suspect something of being X linked how can you test for it
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reciprocal cross
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what are sex influence traits
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traits that are expressed differently in males and females
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define sex limited
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traits that are expressed in one sex
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define genomic imprinting
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differential expression of genes depending on the parent that the chromosome is inherited from
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define epigenetics
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heritable changes to DNA do not affect sequence but do change gene expression
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what is a good example of imprinting
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horses/mules
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codominant alleles are expressed in individuals that are _____/
a penetrant b homozygous c polymorphic d heterozygous e mutually exclusive |
d heterozygous
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typical ratios resulting from epistatic interactions in dihybrid crosses would be
9 3 3 1 9 3 4 9 7 |
9 3 4 9 7
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the inheritance of both chromosomes from the same parent is a condition called
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uniparental disomy
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review exam III key for number 21
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21
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you cross something and get a two to one ratio... what could possibly cause this
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a lethal allele
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if 2n = 8, what does the cell look like at meiosis I metaphase
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at the plate
four pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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define sex influenced
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expression of the phenotype varies depending on which sex is involved
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define sex limited
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expression of the phenotype only occurs in one sex but not in the other
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define epigenetics
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a modification of DNA which does not change the nucleotide seq but does change the phenotype expression of the genotype
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define penetrance
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the percentage of DNA which does not change the nucleotide seq but does change the phenotype expression of the genotype
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define expressivity
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the extent to which a phenotype is demonstrated in an individual
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