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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
compare transcription and DNA replicaiton
no primer needed for transcription
only small region of DNA is copied
where does transcription and translation occur in euk
transcription in nucleus
translation in cytoplasm
is RNA or DNA pol used for transcription
RNA pol
describe RNA pol in bacteria (what does it look like)
holoenzyme alpha beta beta w sigma
is the -10 -35 in prok or euk promoter
prok
how many RNA pols in euk
3
I
II
III
what does the promoter region look like in prok
TATA box
what is the difference between an enhancer and a promoter
enhancers can be far away and are orientation independent
what type of RNA is in the pslicosome
snRNAs
what did nirenberg and leder do
broek the genetic code using tRNAs
what three letter sequence is always present at the 3' end
CCA
what are the three main steps of translation
initation
elongation
termination
how does initiation in prok differ from euk
shine delgarno in prok
cap A and poly A tail in euk
where did you leave off?
chap 16
define mutation
a heritable change to genetic information that cannot return to original sequence
t or false. a mutation MUST be passed from one generation to the next
false mutations could be within one cell in the body
what is the difference between error and mutation
errors can be corrected
an error becomes a mutation after ____ occurs
replication
what are three types of mutation
base subs
insertion
deletion
what are two types of base substitutions
transitions purine to purine
transversions purine to pyr
what are three possible phenotypic effect of mutations
missense
nonsense
silent (codes for the same aa but there is a different nucleotide seq)
give two reasons that mutations may not be expressed in the phenotype
silent mutations
not all DNA is coding
what are two categories of mutation
spontaneous
induced
what are two types of spontaneous mutations
depurination
deamination
why is UV light bad
pyrimidine dimers T=T
how do euk protect from UV damage? prok?
euk use pol eta to add 2 A's across the dimer

prok use photolyase and SOS in which it makes mutation after mutation hoping that one will make it more fit to the environemtn
what are three DNA repair pathways
mismatch repair
base excision repair
nucleotide excision repair
describe mismatch repair
directly after DNA replication
mut H mut S mut L
mut H bind at GATC
mut s binds to mismatches
mut L like mut H and mut S
mut H chews
DNA pol refills and ligase seals nick
describe BER
DNA glycosylase removes damaged pr base and creates AP site
AP endonuclease recognizes AP site and removes sugar and phosphate
DNA pol fills in ligase seals nick
describe NER
removes bulky lesions like pyr dimers
UVR A B C D
are prok polycistronic? euk?
prok ARE
euk are not because translation occurs via a different mechansim
what does polycistronic mean
one mRNA with multiple open reading frames
if you have high glucose do you want the lac operon on or off
off
describe how the lac operon works
if no lactose, repressor is bound no txn

if lactose is present, induce binds repressor. Repressor canntoo bind to the operator and transcription does occur
cis acting elements bind proteins that regulate ____
txn
trans acting elements are the proteins that bind the _____ regions
regulator
what is a constitutive mutant
cannot turn off the operon so lacZYA are transcribed regardless of the presence of lactose
what isa consitutive operator
a mutated operator where the repressor cannot bind and therefore txn always occurs
what happens if lacI-
I makes the repressor, non functional represson, so txn always occurs
describe camp CAP and glucose effect on the operator
if no glucose, then CAP and cAMP bid and txn occurs

if glucose, CAP cannot bind, no txn
the function of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is to
a transcribe tRNA
b match tRNA anticodons and mRNA codons
c attach aa to tRNA
d form peptide bonds between aas
c. to attach aa to the tRNA
what term refers to a contiguous genetic coplex that is under coordinate control
a. lysogen
b. prototroph
c. operon
d. allosteric
e. attenuation
c. operon
the SD seq interacts with
a. the tRNA met
b. the 15S rRNA
c. the large subunit of the ribosome
d. the first AUG of the open reading frame
b. the 16S rRNA
do introns refer to RNA or DNA processing
RNA
the relationship between a gene and a messenger RNA is that
a. genes are made from mRNAs
b. mRNAs are made from genes
c. mRNA s make proteins, which then code for genes
d. all genes are made from mRNAs
e. messenger RNA is directly responsible for making okazaki fragments
b. mRNAs are made from genes
in the absence of glucose, e coli can use other foods because falling levels of glucose cause an increase of
a cAMP
b CAP
c lactose
d glu operons
a CAMP
t or f. the template strand of DNA for one gene may be the coding strand of DNA for anotehr
true
during trasnlation, the __ site of the ribosome holds the growing aa while the __ site holds the next aa to be added to the chain
P for polypep
A for active ready to be added
which of the following is an example ofthe degeneracy of the genetic code
a. a given aa have more than one codon
b. each codon specifies more than one aa
c. the first two bases specify the amino acid
d. the genetic code is not degenerate
a. a given aa has more than one codon
what are the three modifications that have to happen to pre mRNA to make mature mRNA
5' 7MG cap
polyA tail
splicing to remove introns
where woudl euk RNA pols be found
in the nucleus where transcription occurs
list five steps at whch gene control can take place in euk
transcription
DNA packagin
RNA processing
post translational modificaiton
nuclear transprot
when does BER occur
during interphase
review lac operon +/- diagrams
see exam II
describe the triplet binding assay
experiment by nirenberg and leder to break the genetic code. synthetic mRNA to only code for one aa. labeled and complex got suck in the filter
list two types of spontaneous DNA damage that we discussed in class
tautomeric shifts
depurination