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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acrocentric
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A chromosome has two very short legs and two very long legs
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Adenine
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A purine nitrogenous base
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Allele
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a variation of a trait (alternate for of a gene)
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Amino Acid
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building block of proteins (20)
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Amniocentesis
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A prenatal diagnostic procedure. A needle is inserted into the uterus to remove a sample of amniotic fluid (containing fetal cells)to construct a chromosome chart of fetus
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Anaphase
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the stage of mitosis when the centromeres of replicated chromosomes are pulled apart.
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Aneuploid
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a cell with one or more extra or missing chromosomes
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Anticodon
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a three-base sequence on one loop of a tRNA complementary to mRNA codon
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Antiparallel
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the head to tail arrangement of the two entwined chains of the DNA double helix
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Apoptosis
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a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development.
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Autosome
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a non-sex determining chromosome. A human has 22 pairs of autosomes
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Carbohydrate
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a type of macrocolecule; sugars and starches
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Carcinogen
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a substance that induces cancerous changes in a cess
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Cell
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the fundamental unit of life
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Cell Cycle
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a cycle of events describing a cell's preparation for division and division itself
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cell membrane
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a structure consisting of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids that forms a selective barrier around a cell
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centrioles
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structures sonsisting of micotubules oriented at right angles to each other near the nucleus that begin to form the spindle during mitosis
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centromere
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the largest constriction in a chromosome, located at a specific site in each chromosome type
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checkpoint
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a part of the sell cycle where a protein functions to control the process
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chorionic villus sampling
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a prenatal diagnosis technique that analyzes chromosomes in chorionic villus cells, which, like the fetus descend from the fertilized ovum
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chromatid
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a single, very long DNA molecule and its associated proteins forming half of a replicated chromosome
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chromatin
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DNA and its associated histone proteins
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chromosome
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a structure within a cell's nucleus that carries genes. A chromosome consists of a continuous molecule of DNA and proteins wrapped around it
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codominant
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a herterozygote in which both alleles are fully expressed
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codon
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a continuous triplet of mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid
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complementary
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the pairs of DNA bases that bond together
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conservative
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the new strand is half old and half new
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crossing over
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an event during prophase I when homologs exchange parts, adding to genetic variability.
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cytokinesis
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division of cellular parts other than DNA at the end of mitosis
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cytoplasm
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cellular contents other than organelles
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cytoskeleton
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a framework composed of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form
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diploid
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a cell containing two sets of chromosomes
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dispersive
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old and new mosaic DNA
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dizygotic twins (fraternal)
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two eggs and two sperm
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DNA polymerase
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an enzyme that participates in DNA replication by inserting new DNA bases and correcting mismatched base pairs
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duplication
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an extra copy of a gene or DNA sequence, usually caused by misaligned pairing in meiosis; a chromosome containing repeats of part of its genetic material
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embryo
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a prenatal human between the third and eighth weeks of development
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endolasmic reticulum
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smooth = fat
rough = sugars |
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enzyme
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protein that speeds the rate of a specific biochemical reation
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euploid
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a somatic cell with the normal number of chromosomes for that species
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fetal cell sorting
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a prenatal test that separates fetal cells from a pregnant woman's blood
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frameshift
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a mutation that alters a gene's reading frame
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gap 1 phase
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the stage of interphase when proteins, carbs, and lopids are synthesized in preparation for mitosis
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gap 2 phase
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stage of interphase when additional proteins are synthesized in preparation for impending mitosis
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gene
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a sequence of DNA that instructs a cell to produce a particular protein
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golgi body
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an organelle, consisting of flattened membranous sacs where secretion components are packaged
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growth factor
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a protein that stimulates mitosis
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helicase
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a type of enzyme that unwinds and holds apart strands or repicating DNA
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histone
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a type of protein around which DNA entwines
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hormone
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a biochemical secreted in one part of the body that travel in the bloodstream to another part, where it exerts an effect
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initiation site
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the site where DNA replication begins on a chromosome
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insertion
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inserts and extra base in sequence
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interphase
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the stage of the cell cycle during which a cell is not dividing
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karyotype
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a chart that displays chromosome pairs in size order
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ligase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds in the sugar phosphate back bone of DNA
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lysosome
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a saclike organelle containing enzymes that degrade debris
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mRNA
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a molecule of RNA complementary in sequence to the coding strand of a gene
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metacentric
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centromere located in center
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metaphase
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stage of mitosis when chromosomes align along the center of the cell
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missense
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a single base change mutation that alters an amino acid in the gene product
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mitochondrion
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an organelle consisting of a double membrane that houses enzymes that catalyze reactions that extract energy from nutrients
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mitosis
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division of somatic cells
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monosomy
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missing one chromosome
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monozygotic twins (identical)
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one egg and one sperm
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multifactorial trait
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a trait or illness determined by several genes
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nondisjunction
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the unequal partitioning of chromosomes into gametes during meiosis
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nonsense
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codes for stop codon
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nuclear envelope
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the outer boundary of the nucleus
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oncogene
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a dominant gene that promotes cell division; cancer causing gene
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oogenesis
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development of organs from a three-layered embryo
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oogonium
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the diploid cell that begins oogenesis
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peroxisome
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an organelle consisting of a double membrane that houses enzmes with various functions
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plasmid
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a small circle of doulbe stranded DNA fund in some bacteria in addition to their DNA
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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a technique in which a specific sequence of DNA from a gene of interest is replicated in a test tube to rapidly produce many copies
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