Genetics Final

Front 1

Eukaryotic Transcription Factors

Back 1

Proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a given gene.

There are two types:

General Transcription Factors

Regulatory Transcription Factors

Hint 1

Two types

Front 2

Silencer sequences

Back 2

Segments that the repressor protein binds to in order to decrease the Transcription rate of RNA.

Hint 2

Repressor

Front 3

Combinatorial Controls

Back 3

Most eukaryotic genes are controlled by many factors and a combination of of these factors.

Hint 3

Gene regulation

Front 4

Three ways in which the function of regulatory factors are modulated

Back 4

Binding of small effector molecules, Protein to protein interactions and Covalent modifications.

Front 5

Two forms of chromatin

Back 5

Closed form where the chromatin is tightly packed and makes it unaccessible to the transcription factors which prevents transcription from occuring.

Open form is where the chromatin is easily accessible to transcription factors and can transcription can take place.

Front 6

DNA Methyltransferase

Back 6

An enzyme that carries out DNA methylation in which a change in the chromatin structure silences gene expression.

Hint 6

Silencer

Front 7

Epigenetics

Back 7

The study of the mechanisms that leads to changes in general expression that can be passed from cell to cell and are reversible, but do not involve a change in the DNA sequence.

Front 8

Epigenetic Changes

Back 8

Epigenetic inheritance involves epigenetic changes that are passed from the parent to offspring.

Front 9

Genomic Imprinting

Back 9

A form of gene regulation in which an offspring expresses the copy of a gene from one parent, but not both.

Front 10

Common components of all Viruses

Back 10

Nucleic acids and protein capsids

Front 11

Six steps of viral replication

Back 11

Attachment

Entry

Integration

Synthesis

Viral assembly

Release

Front 12

Viral Latency

Back 12

Viruses may remain inactive, or latent, during which time new virus particles are not made.

Front 13

Lytic Cycle

Back 13

The cycle entered in which the new viral particles are made and the cell is lyced and the virus is released.

Front 14

Lysogenic Cycle

Back 14

The viral DNA is incorporated into the host cells chromosome as a provirus and can remain latent for many cell cycles.

Front 15

Bacteriophage

Back 15

Viruses that infect bacteria

The structural genes of phages are often in an operon arrangement.

Front 16

Reverse Transcriptase in HIV

Back 16

After HIV enters the host cell, the ss RNA is reverse transcribed into ds DNA by the enzyme.

Front 17

Is HIV an enveloped virus?

Back 17

Yes

Front 18

What is HIV'S host cell?

Back 18

Human T-cells

Front 19

The three main types of mutations

Back 19

Chromosome structure changes

Genome mutations

Gene mutations

Front 20

The two types of point mutations are?

Back 20

Transversions: a change from a purine to a pyrimidine.

Transition: a change from one purine to another purine or a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine.

Front 21

Wild Type

Back 21

In a natural population, the wild type is the most prevalent genotype.

Genes with multiple alleles have more than one wild type.

Front 22

Whatever are the two types of suppressor mutations?

Back 22

Intragenic is where the second mutant site. is within the same gene as the first.

Intragenic is where the second mutant site is in a different gene than the first.

Front 23

Are mutations conditional?

Back 23

Yes

Front 24

What are the different cell type mutations and their heritability?

Back 24

Germ line mutations occur in sperms, eggs, or one of their precursor cells.

Somatic mutations occur in body cells.

Front 25

Three main types of chemical mutagens:

Back 25

Base modifiers, interclading agents and base analogues.

Front 26

What does a nucleotide excision repair do?

Back 26

Removes damaged DNA sequences.

Can repair damaged DNA damage including: thymine dimers, chemically modified bases, missing bases, and some types of cross links.

Front 27

What do population geneticists study?

Back 27

They study the genetic variation within the gene pool and how it changes from one generation to another.

Front 28

Define Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Back 28

Is a simple mathematical model that relates alleles and genotype frequencies in a population.

Front 29

What are two causes of microevolution?

Back 29

Natural selection and mutations.

Front 30

Darwinian Fitness

Back 30

The relative likelihood that a genotype will survive and contribute to the gene pool of the next generation.

Is considered a measure of reproductive superiority.

Differences in reproductive achievement could be due to the fact that the fittest genotype is most likely to survive, mate and be more furtile.

Front 31

Stabilizing selection

Back 31

The extreme genotypes are selected against and the immediate phenotypes have the highest fitness.

Tends to decrease the genetic diversity because it eliminates alleles that case variations in phenotypes.

Front 32

Genetic Drift

Back 32

Random changes in allele frequencies due to random fluctuations.

Front 33

Founder effect

Back 33

A small group of individuals separate from a large population and establish a colony in a new location.

Front 34

What are the consequences of the founder effect?

Back 34

The founding population is expected to have less genetic diversity than the original population.

the founding population will have allelic frequencies that differ from the original population.

Front 35

Mutations

Back 35

Provides a source of genetic variation.

Involves changes in DNA sequences or chromosome numbers.

Random events that occur spontaneously at a low rate.

Provides the raw materials for evolution.

Provides new alleles.

Neutral and deleterious mutations are more likely to occur than beneficial ones.

Front 36

Quantitative Traits

Back 36

Any trait that varies measurably in a given species. Such traits are usually controlled by more than one generation, which is heavily influenced by environmental factors.

Front 37

Selective breeding and quantitative traits

Back 37

Selective breeding of a species can alter quantitative traits dramatically.

Front 38

Macroevolution

Back 38

Changes in the gene pool with regards to particular alleles over a measurable amount of time.

Front 39

What are the two mechanisms of reproductive isolation?

Back 39

Prezygotic which prevents the formation of the zygote.

Postzygotic prevents the development of a viable individual after fertilization occurs.

Front 40

What is divergent evolution?

Back 40

Most common form of speciation

Front 41

Speciation of the founder effect

Back 41

Can be rather rapid.

A small group migrates to a new location that is geographically separate from the main population.

The founder population may evolve into a new species.

Front 42

Sympatric speciation in plants.

Back 42

In plants, a common way for sympatric speciation to occur is by the formation of polyploids which can lead to reproductive isolation.

Front 43

What is vertical evolution?

Back 43

Involves the genetic changes in a series of ancestors that form a lineage.

Front 44

Are changes in chromosome structure and numerical changes adaptive?

Back 44

No