Genetics Exam 1 Vocab

Front 1

Dominant

Back 1

trait that appears in all F1

Front 2

Recessive

Back 2

trait hidden in F1, seen in F2

Front 3

Gene

Back 3

basic unit of biological information

Front 4

ALLELE

Back 4

alternative forms of a single gene

Front 5

Segregation

Back 5

two unit factors coming apart at gamete (egg/pollen) formation

Front 6

genotype

Back 6

YY

Front 7

phenotype

Back 7

yellow

Front 8

chances of being YY

Back 8

law of product

Front 9

chances of being Yy or YY

Back 9

law of sum

Front 10

homozygote

Back 10

same alleles

Front 11

heterozygotes

Back 11

different alleles

Front 12

P generation

Back 12

parental

Front 13

F1 generation

Back 13

Progeny generation

Front 14

F2 generation

Back 14

Progeny's children

Front 15

monohybrid cross

Back 15

mating b/w one trait difference

Front 16

ex. of monohybrid cross

Back 16

seed color

Front 17

Dihybrid cross

Back 17

mating between individuals that differ in two traits

Front 18

ex. of dihybrid cross

Back 18

color & shape

Front 19

Law of independent assortment

Back 19

different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other.

Front 20

Chi-square

Back 20

test to determine the probability that observed numbers differ from expected numbers by chance, or not.

Front 21

complete dominance Pp, PP, pp

Back 21

PP & Pp will be completely purple, and pp will be white

Front 22

incomplete/partial dominance

Back 22

doesn't appear to be neither the true-breeding parents

Front 23

codominance

Back 23

F1 represents both pure-breeding parents

Front 24

dominance

Back 24

one phenotype at a time

Front 25

Pleiotropy

Back 25

one gene determines more than one characteristics

Front 26

Multifactorial traits

Back 26

Traits determined by more than 1 factor
-by more than one gene
-by genes and environment

Front 27

Complementary gene action

Back 27

-Both genes must work to produce the phenotype.
-You need dominant alleles of both genes to be present.

Front 28

Heterogeneous trait

Back 28

A trait that can arise from a mutation in any number of genes

Front 29

REDUNDANT gene action

Back 29

Either genes can work to produce the phenotype.
You need a dominant allele of one gene to be present.

Front 30

EPISTASIS

Back 30

The effects of alleles at one gene hides the effects of alleles at another gene.

Front 31

Complementation Test

Back 31

- Only two outcomes

Front 32

auxotrophs

Back 32

mutants that cannot make amino acids, vitamins, etc

Front 33

prototroph

Back 33

wild type

Front 34

Epistasis tests

Back 34

to put genes in order of function.

Front 35

Complementation tests

Back 35

to determine the number of genes.

Front 36

Penetrance

Back 36

Percent of individuals with the genotype that show the expected phenotype.

Front 37

Expressivity

Back 37

Degree or intensity of phenotype varies among individuals.

Front 38

Conditional alleles

Back 38

phenotype depends on condition

Front 39

Conditional lethal

Back 39

lethal under some conditions

Front 40

Continuous traits

Back 40

(also called ‘quantitative traits’):

Front 41

quantitative traits

Back 41

height, skin color, disease predispositions, etc.

Front 42

Polygenic Traits

Back 42

Controlled by a number of genes

Front 43

Additive alleles

Back 43

Every allele makes
equal contribution.

Front 44

Population

Back 44

a group of many individuals that can inter-breed.

Front 45

Phenotype frequency

Back 45

the proportion of all individual in a population that are of a particular phenotype.

Front 46

Genotype frequency

Back 46

the proportion of all individual in a population that are of a particular genotype.

Front 47

Gene pool

Back 47

sum total of all alleles within a population

Front 48

Allele frequency

Back 48

the proportion of all gene copies in a gene pool that are of a particular allele.

Front 49

Fitness

Back 49

ability to survive and transmit genes to next generation