Genetics Exam 1 Part 2

Front 1

Template Strand

Back 1

original strand before replication

Front 2

new strand that is formed withe template to form a double helix

Back 2

Daughter Strand

Front 3

splits the original double strand of DNA

Back 3

Replication fork

Front 4

OriC

Back 4

Origin of chromisomal replication

AT-RICH region and DnaA Box initiate DNA REPLICATION

initiated by DnaA Proteins binding to DnaA Box to form a large complex

Front 5

separates DNA in both directions from the 5' to 3' direction creating 2 replication forks, breaks hydrogen bonds

Back 5

DNA Helicase

Front 6

alleviates positive supercoiling

Back 6

DNA Gyrase

Front 7

enzymes that catalyze the attachment of nucleotides to synthesize a new DNA strand

Back 7

DNA Polymerase

Front 8

responsible for most DNA replication, catalyzes the phosphodiester bond formation between adjacent nucleotide

Back 8

Pol III

Front 9

removes RNA primers and fills the resulting gap, Uses 5' to 3' exonuclease activity to digest the RNA and replace it, unable to form the last phosphodiester bond

Back 9

Pol I

Front 10

the last 2 phosphates that are released from the incoming nucleotide

Back 10

Pyrophosphate

Front 11

synthesizes short RNA primers that start DNA synthesis and are removed by Pol I

Back 11

DNA Primase

Front 12

start DNA synthesis

Back 12

RNA primer

Front 13

maintains Pol III on the parent strand, forms a clamp around the DNA

Back 13

B subunit

Front 14

Direction of replication

Back 14

5' to 3'

Front 15

one RNA primer is made at the origin, Pol III attaches nucleotides In a 5' to 3' direction towards the opening of the replication fork

Back 15

leading strand

Front 16

5' to 3' away from replication fork, many RNA primers needed, makes okazaki fragments

Back 16

lagging strand

Front 17

Pol III uses the RNA primers to synthesize small DNA FRAGMENTS

Back 17

Okazaki fragments

Front 18

catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond connecting the DNA fragments

Back 18

DNA Ligase

Front 19

complex in where DNA Polymerase and all involved enzymes are connected

Back 19

Replisome

Front 20

Role of GATC in timing

Back 20

replicates when a methyladinine is attached to adenine

Front 21

initiates DNA replication when added to adenine

Back 21

Methyladinine

Front 22

3 main proofreading mechanisms

Back 22

Instability of mismatched pairs

configuration of DNA Polymerase active site

proofreading function of DNA Polymerase

Front 23

3' to 5' exonuclease activity

Back 23

identifies a mismatched nucleotide and an enzyme uses a 3' to 5' to digest a newly made strand until the mismatch is fixed

Front 24

caries solutes across plasma membrane, lipids brought, one allele gives susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. neanderthal gene

Back 24

SLC16

Front 25

complex telomeric DNA sequences and bound proteins

3' overhang that is 12- 16 nucleotides long

without it, DNA would shorten after each replication

Back 25

telomeres

Front 26

adds DNA sequences to the ends of telomeres and contains protein and RNA complex

Back 26

telomerase

Front 27

if you have high functioning telomerase you have this

Back 27

Imortalized cells

Front 28

collection of organisms living in and on you

Back 28

Microbiome

Front 29

pharmaceutical effectiveness, vaccines

Back 29

first chance metabolism

Front 30

microbes can cause obesity or slim body shape mice

Back 30

fecal transplant

Front 31

prokaryotes reproduce this way by replicating and separating chromosome

Back 31

Binary Fission

Front 32

forms a contracting ring to separate both cells. builds new cell wall in bacteria

Back 32

FtsZ

Front 33

Cell Cycle

Back 33

stages of eukaryotic cell division

Gap 1 - primary growth phase of the cell

Synthesis - DNA replication

Gap 2- organelles replicate, kineticore microtubules organize with centosome

Front 34

two copies of a replicated chromosome

Back 34

chromatid

Front 35

point on chromatids where spindle fibers attach during cell division

Back 35

Kinetochore

Front 36

part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

Back 36

Centromere

Front 37

cell microtubule organization center, regulates cell division cycle

Back 37

Centrosome

Front 38

organization of the miotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis

Back 38

Centrioles

Front 39

kinetochore microtubules extend from the centromere

Back 39

Mytotic spindle

Front 40

attach to centromere to pull chromosomes part in mitosis

Back 40

Kinetochore microtubules

Front 41

Mitosis

Back 41

replication in eukaryotes

Prophase-compact

prometaphase-centrioles capture chromosomes using microtubule filaments

metaphase - sister chromatid align along the metaphase plate

Anaphase - breaks part chromatid

telophase-nuclear envelope reforms

Front 42

breaks chromatids become independent

Back 42

Cohesin

Front 43

contractile ring forms and contracts to divide the cell into 2

Back 43

Cytokinesis

Front 44

The process of forming gamete

half the amount of genetic material

Back 44

Gametogenetis

Front 45

developmental stage at which the embryonic genome sustains Cellular functions

Back 45

Maternal-to-Zygote transition

Front 46

first act of meiosis in which cell division occurs

second splits those in 2 so they have half the genes

Back 46

Meiosis 1

meiosis 2

Front 47

pairing of 2 homologous Chromosomes that occurs during meiosis occurs in prophase

Back 47

synapsis

Front 48

a group of 4 haploid cells formed by meiosis divisor of one mother cell

Back 48

tetrad

Front 49

formed between homologous sister chromatids

Back 49

synaptonemal complex

Front 50

2 sources of genetic variation

Back 50

Mutations - change in genes or chromosomes

Gene Recombination- mixing of genes that result from meiosis and seal reproduction

Front 51

occurs in the testes, diploma cell divides to produce 2 cells, one remains a spermatogonial cell, the other becomes a primary spermatocyte

Back 51

Spermatogenisis

Front 52

Primary spermatocyte

Back 52

goes through meiosis 1 and 2 to produce haploid sperm cells

Front 53

the production of eggs, occurs in the ovaries early in development

Back 53

Oogenesis

Front 54

Primary Oocyte

Back 54

initiate meiosis I, but enter a dormant phase during prophase I and stay dormant till puberty

Front 55

Secondary Oocyte

Back 55

an Oocyte in which the first meiosis divisor is completed, the second meiosis division usually stops short of completion unless fertilization occurs

Front 56

Polar bodies

Back 56

haploid cell formed in oogenesis but usually cannot be fertilized like an egg. happens when cell divides unevenly

Front 57

found on Chromosome 15, breaks down fatty acid byproducts, Tay Sachs Disease-causing deterioration of neuronal function at 6 months and death by age 4

Back 57

HEXA

Front 58

Tay-Sachs

Back 58

causing deterioration of neuronal function at 6 months and death by age 4

Front 59

proposed by hippocrates, traits aquire by parents are passed on

Back 59

Pangenesis

Front 60

proposed that offspring grow Directly from gametes, people thought they saw a minature human in sperm

Back 60

Preformationism

Front 61

blending inheritance

Back 61

traits of offspring are an average of both oarents

Front 62

performed thousands of crosses using garden peas to study heredity

Back 62

Mendel

Front 63

well defined traits

forms hybrids with one trait or the other

structure that allows it to be either cross fertilized or self fertilization

Back 63

Advantage of pea plants

Front 64

crossing 2 variants of the same characteristic

Back 64

monohybrid cross

Front 65

a plant that when self-fertilized, only produces offspring with the same traits

Back 65

True breeding

Front 66

fusion of male and female gametes produced by the same individual found in plants

Back 66

self fertilization

Front 67

the fusion of the male and female gametes from different individuals of the same species

Back 67

cross fertilization

Front 68

trait that shows up in a heterozygous gene like how tall showed over dwarf

Back 68

Dominant traits

Front 69

effects hidden in heterozygous genes like tall showing over dwarf

Back 69

Recessive Traits

Front 70

Law of Segregation

Back 70

a pea plant contains 2 alleles for a given gene, one from each parent

2. When the two alleles are different like Tt, dominant trait is shown

Front 71

grid that enables one to predict the outcome of simple genetic crosses

Back 71

Punnett square

Front 72

cross individual plants that differ in 2 characters

Back 72

Dihybrid cross

Front 73

of spring would show very little genetic variation from their parents, does not happen in nature.

Back 73

Linked assortment

Front 74

When 2 genes are on 2 different homologous pairs of chromosomes

Back 74

independent assortment

Front 75

traits not seen in P or F1 generation on Mendelssohn dihybrid crosses. nonparental reject linked assortment hypothesis.

Back 75

nonparental traits

Front 76

Law of independent assortment

Back 76

During gamete formation, the segregation of any pair of hereditary traits is independent of the segregation of other pairs

Front 77

diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance if phenotypes of a particular gene

Back 77

Pedigree charts

Front 78

Geneticists can identify the function of a gene by identifying an individual with a defective copy of the gene and observing how the phenotype is altered. defective copies of genes are this

Back 78

Loss of function alleles

Front 79

chart to show genetic disorders are inherited in a family. can find the probability of someone In their family will inherit the condition

Back 79

Pedigree analysis

Front 80

1. Two normal heterozygous individuals will have, on average, 25% of their offspring affected.

2. Two affected individuals will produce 100% affected offspring

Back 80

recessive paternity of inheritance

Front 81

An affected individual will have inherited the gene from at least one affected parent

Alternatively, the disease may have been the result of a new mutation that occurred during gamete formation

Back 81

Dominant paternity of inheritance