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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Tetragametic chimera?
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Lydia Fairchild- 2 eggs fertilized in woman's mother, two blastules develop into single indiv. 2 Fraternal twins put together
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Genetic info can be found in the
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nucleus of the cell and other genetic info can also be found in mitochandria
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance- 1902
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Walter dulton and theodor boveri, chromosomes are teh carriers of Mendel's unit factors of heredity of genes
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Metaphase chromosomes look like ... under microscope
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fuzzy, tightly coiled of fibrous matter
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Complexity varies for chromosome structure within cell that carries genetic info. prokaryote vs eukaryote
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prokaryote- gen 1 chromosome, naked DNA or RNA
eukaryote- ususally more than 1 chromosome, DNA, RNA and many proteins |
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(prokaryote or eukaryote) chromosome # varies tremendously
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eukaryote- humans 46, mosquitos 6, chimp 48, water fly 160
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Genome-
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complete collection of all of the chromosomes of an organism. the complete complement of all of the genes carried by an individual
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chromosomes exist as ???? and constricitions on chromsomes are...
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pairs! and centromeres
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Designations of centromere positions
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metacentric
submatacentric acrocentric telocentric- does not exist in humans |
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The diploid state is
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2N- 2 copies of every chromosome/gene (somatic cells)
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Haploid is
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1N- 1 copy of every chromosome/gene (germ cells)
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In diploid cells, homologous pairs are
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the same in size, shape, centromere, placement, banding pattern and gene order
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In diploid cells, nonhomologous pairs
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are morphiologically and genetically distinct
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Pairs of homologous chromosomes in unduplicated state have...
(one copy from mom, one from dad) |
-gene locus- location of a partic gene on a chrom
pair of alleles- alt forms of a gene at a given locus three gene pairs- at 3 diff. loci on homo. chrom. - thing as 3 pairs of alleles |
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What occurs during mitosis?
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genetic material segregates during cell division
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Mitosis- what are steps of interphase? (4 steps)
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g1- normal diploid differentiated cells
g0 - nondiv. cell-life as skin cells- dies s- synthesis- all chrom, gen mater. in nucl get replicated g2- metabolic change in cell prod. products for cell division, cell becomes ready to divide through mitosis |
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Five steps to mitosis- 1st is interphase, what happens?
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genetic material localized in nucleus, cannot disting. indiv chromosomes, chromatin is always seen in interphase, 2n=4, 4 chroms in nucleus, diploid cell= 2 pairs, S phase= replication, G2- metabolically prod necessary products
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Prophase of Mitosis- 2nd step, what happens?
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chromosomes in chromatin condense- able to recognize indiv chromosomes, nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate, centrosome cont. centrioles- duplication, migrate to opp. end of cells
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Metaphase- 3rd step in mitosis
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Nuc. envelope gone, chromosomes f/chromatin fully condensed, align along cent axis, spindle apparatus- chromosomes phys attat. by centromeres for each of 4 chromosomes, x like struct in chroms.
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X like struct from metaphase of mitosis is
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one chromosome as X, with 2 genetically indentical sister chromatids
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From metaphase to Anaphase in mitosis there is...
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replication of 4 centromeres- during transition
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Anaphase- 4th step in mitosis
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exact same info moving to opp. poles- when complete, all info at each spindle app. pole
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Telophase- 5th step in mitosis
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chromosomes back to chromatin state, all contents in cell div. by cytokinesis to form. Two sep cells, cytoplasm and organelle split is cytokinesis (2 new daughter cells are genetically identical to orig cells)
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2N cells go to gametes (haploid) during
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MEIOSIS
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Meiosis one is the
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process by which all multicellular orgs create 1. haploid cells from orig diploid cells and 2. maximize genetic variability in next gen's population, incr. probability that some will survive
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During G1 interphase of meiosis, can you distinguish between indiv chroms?
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NO, but this is the desicion to duplicate material
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Between meiosis one and meiosis two, you end up with # of haploid gametes
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four
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At the end of prophase one in meiosis, you will see that...
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the spindle apparatus has developed, there is no nuclear envelope and the chromosomes are visible
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There are 5 steps to Meiotic proph one (meiosis) They are named....
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leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakenesis
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leptonema of meiotic proh one is
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(first stage) the centrioles disappear, last bits of nuclear envelope are vis, barely rec. indiv. chroms
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Zygonema is in meiotic proph 1
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2nd step- nuclear env. cont. to dissolve, further migration of spindle app, further cond. of chroms, tubules come out of spindle app, chroms pair up
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pachynema of meiotic proph 1 is
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3rd step- thickened thread, spincle app. cont. building, now look like paired, replicated homologous chroms, tetrads.
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tetrads are
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two sets of X looking chroms, first X is two sister chromatids, second X is two sister chromatids, the two X's do not have sister chromatids, they are similar but not necessarily identical with genetic info
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Diplonema of meiotic proph 1 is
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4th step- chiasma, four chromatids intertwined, points of crossing over (indiv chiasma), collectively chiasmata, 1st vis in this stage
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Diakinesis of meiotic proph 1 is
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5th step- end of prophase, nuc envelope gone, spindle app built, tetrads along cent spindle app. - metaphase plate
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Metaphase One (meiosis)
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tetrads assembled, spindl. app done
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Anaphase One (meiosis)
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no centromere replication, half of each tetrad, one homol. of each tetrad goes to opp. poles, reduced diploid to haploid state- halfing amnt of gen. material (no homologous pairs)
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Prophase II of Meiosis II
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is first step in meiosis II
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Metaphase II of meiosis II is
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2nd step, alignment on meta. plate, cent spindle finbers, centromere replication here!!!
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Anaphase II of Meiosis II
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chroms to opp poles
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Telophase of Meiosis II
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spindle breaks down, nuclear envelopes form, cytokinesis, results in 4 haploid cells and maximized variability
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Genetic recombination occurs in
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Prophase One of meiosis
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Mitosis vs. meiosis (mitosis card)
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1. homol do not pair at m1
2. one division 3. chromosomes unchanged in M1 4. centromere duplicates in M1 5. no crossover 6. conservative 7. diploid or haploid cells |
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Mitosis vs. meiosis (meiosis card)
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1. homols do pair at M1
2. 2 divisions 3. chrom # is halved 4. centromere dupl in M2 5. crossover occurs 6. variation increased 7. diploid cells |
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Mendel's work was from the year
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mid 1800's, into society around 1865 but no one understood
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in 1900, what happened with mendel's work
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it was repeated independently by others and understood
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Mendel's work explains the nature of...
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inherietence variation in plants/animals
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Charles Darwin from 1850, in 1859 he was ...
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published- driving force evolution of nat. selction in new orgs (selective pressures)
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Gregor Mendel used .... in his experiments
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pea plants, had pure breeding strains
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Mendel's inheritence ideas (3)
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1. unit factors of hereidtion (genes) are responsible for trait determination (exist in pairs) 2. Diff. unit factors of heredity for single trait (alleles), when present in teh same indiv., exhibit a relationship of dominance and recessiveness 3. paried unit factors of heredity segregate away f/each other during gamete formation
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A gene is
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a physical and functional unit of heredity
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the locus is
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a site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene resides
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an allele is
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an alternate form of a gene that can exist at a sing. locus
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Homozygous in diploid cell
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2 same, both dom or both rec.
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Heterozygous in diploid cell
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2 diff, dom, Xx
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Mendel's dyhybrid cross gives following ratios
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9:3:3:1
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Law of independent assortment
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during gamete formation, segregating paris of unit factors of heredity for 2 diff traits assort independently of each other
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Product Law
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The probability of two independent events occuring simultaneously is the prod of the indiv. probabilities
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How many diff gametic types can result from independent assortment
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Four diff types
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The Branch Diagram is also called the ... and is used to predit the ... population
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fourth line method, predicts F2 pop
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