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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mobile DNA
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alternative term for transposable elements
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plasmids
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nonessential DNA molecules that exist inside baterial cells
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conjugation
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a process of DNA transfer in sexual reproduction in certain bateria; in e. coli, the transfer is unidirectional, from donor cell lto recipient cell. Also, a mating between cells of Paramecium
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conjugative plasmids
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a plasmid encoding proteins and other factors that make possible its transmission between cells
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F factor
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a baterial plasmid-often called the fertility factor or sex plasmid-that is capable of transferring itself from a host (f+) cell to a cell not carrying an F factor (F- cell); when an F factor is integrated into the baterial chromosome (in an Hfr cell), the chromosome becomes transferrable to an F- cell during conjugation
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transposon
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a transposable element that contains bacterial genes-i.e. for antibiotic resistance; also used loosely as a synonym for transposable element
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cointegrate
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a DNA molecule, usually circular and formed by recombination, that joins two replicons
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site-specific recombinase
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an enzyme that catalyzes intermolecule cecombination between two duplex DNA molecules at the site of a target sequence that they have in common
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integron
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a DNA element that encodes a site-specific recombinase as well as recognition region that allows other sequences with similar recognitionregions to be incorporated into the integron by recombination
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cassette
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a circular antibiotic-resistance-coding region flanked by a recognition region for an integron
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integrase
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an enzyme that catalyzes a site specific exchange between two DNA sequences
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R Plasmid
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A bacterial plasmid that carries drug resistance genes; commonly used in genetic engineering
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Antibiotic-resistant mutants
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mutants that are able to grow in presence of an antibiotic
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nutritional mutants
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A mutation in a metabolic pathway that creates a need for a substance to be present in the growth medium or that eliminates the ability to utilize a substance present in the growth medium
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prototroph
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microbial strain capable of growth in a defined minimal medium that ideally contains only a carbon source and inorganic compounds. The wildtype genotype is usually regarded as a prototroph
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Auxotroph
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a mutant microorganism that is unable to synthesize a compound required for its growth but is able to grow if the compound is provided
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Carbon-source mutants
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mutants that cannot utilize particular substances as sources of energy or carbon atoms
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nonselective medium
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a medium which all wildtype cells form colonies
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selective medium
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a medium that only allows growth of one type of cell (either wildtype or mutant)
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transformation
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the process of genetic alteration by pure DNA
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cotransformation
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simultaneous transformation of two genetic markers carried on a single DNA fragment in bacteria
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Hfr Cell
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an e coli cell in which an f plasmid is integrated into the chromosome, making possible the transfer of part or all of the chromosome to an F- cell.
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episome
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a genetic element that can exist free in the cell or as a segment of DNA integrated into the chromosome
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selected marker
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a genetic mutation that allows growth in selective medium
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counterselected marker
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a mutation used to prevent growth of a donor cell in an Hfr x F- bacterial mating
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interrupted-mating technique
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in an Hfr x F- cross, a technique by which donor and recipient cells are broken apart at specific times, allowing only a particular length of DNA to be transferred
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time of entry
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in an Hfr x F- bacterial mating, the earliest time that a particular gene in the Hfr parent is transferred to the F- recipient
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F' plasmid
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An F plasmid that contains genes obtained from the bacterial chromosome in a addition to plasmid genes; formed by aberrant excision of an integrated F factor, taking along adjacent bacterial DNA
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partial diploid
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a cell in which a segment of the genome is duplicated, usually in a plasmid
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transduction
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the carrying of genetic information from one bacterium to another by a phage
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transducting phage
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a phage type capable of prducing prticles that contain bacterial DNA (transducing particles)
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generalized transducting phage
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produces particles that may carry any region of the genome
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specialized transducing phage
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produces particles that carry only specific regions of chromosomal DNA;
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cotransduction
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transduction of two or more linked genetic markers by one transducing particle
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frequency of cotransduction
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the proportion of transductants carrying a selected genetic marker that also carry a nonselected genetic marker
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lytic cycle
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the life cycle of a phage, in which progeny phage are produced and the host bacterial cell is lysed.
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plaque
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a clear area in an otherwise turbid layer of bacteria growing on a solid medium, caused by the infectino and killing of the cells by a phage; because each plaque results from the growth of one phage, plaque counting is a way of counting viable phage particles. The term is also used for animal viruses that cause clear areas in layers of animal cells grown in culture
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hotspot
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a site on a DNA molecule for which the rate of mutation is much higher than the rate of mutation on the rest of the molecule.
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lysogenic cycle
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In temperate bacteriophage, the phenomenon in which the DNA of an infecting phage becomes part of the genetic material of the cell
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prophage induction
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activation of a prophage to undergo the lytic cycle
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excisionase
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an enzyme that is needed for prophage excision; works together with an integrase
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phage repressor
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regulatory protein that prevent stranscription of genes in a prophage
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Insertion sequence
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DNA sequence capable of transposition in a prokaryotic genome; such aequences usually code for their own transposase
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Cistron
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DNA sequence specifying a single genetic function as defined by a complementation test; nucleotide sequence coding for a single polypeptide.
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Lysogen
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Clone of bacterial cells that have acquired a prophage
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