Genetics Chapter 15 Chromosome Changes

Front 1

chromos mutat
2 gr?

Back 1

ch in chrom numb
ch in chrom struct

Front 2

2 types of ch in chrom numb

Back 2

1. aberrant euploidy
2. aneuploidy

Front 3

aberrant euploidy is ?

Back 3

ch in whole chrom sets

Front 4

aneuploidy is?

Back 4

ch in parts of chromosome sets

Front 5

org that have more or fewer than the normal number of sets are?

Back 5

aberrant euploids

Front 6

polyploids are ?

Back 6

org with more than 2 chromosome sets

Front 7

3n is?

Back 7

triploid

Front 8

5n is?

Back 8

pentaploid

Front 9

ploidy level?

Back 9

is the number of sets of chrom

Front 10

monoploid is?

Back 10

an org that has only one chrom set

Front 11

male bees, wasps are ?

Back 11

monoploid

Front 12

male bees, wasps develop by?

Back 12

parthenogenesis

Front 13

genetic load?

Back 13

is the large number of deleterious recessive mutations

Front 14

why dont most monoploid in most species develop?

Back 14

bec of genetic load

Front 15

polyploidy is common in _______ but not in _________

Back 15

plants
not in animals

Front 16

in aberrant euploids there is a correlat betw ___________ and size of the organ

Back 16

number of copies of the chromosome set

Front 17

a tetraploid org will look like its diploid counterpart but?

Back 17

will be bigger

Front 18

higer the ploidy level, the?

Back 18

larger the organ

Front 19

polyploids you can have
autopolyploids and ?

Back 19

allopolyploids

Front 20

allopolyploids are?

Back 20

have sets of chrom from 2 diff but closely related spec

Front 21

autopolyploids have multiple chromosome sets coming from?

Back 21

one species

Front 22

allopolyploids
the diff chrom sets are ____________, not homologous

Back 22

homeologous

Front 23

homeologous is?

Back 23

partially homologous

Front 24

triploids are usually?

Back 24

autopolyploids

Front 25

how can a geneticist make a triploid?

Back 25

cross a 2N with a 4n.
the 1n gamete will unite will the 2N gamete

Front 26

triploids are usually sterile because?

Back 26

a gamete could receive either 2 or 1 chromosomes for each chromosome type

Front 27

triploids are aneuploid bec?

Back 27

they dont have 3 copies of every chromosome.

Front 28

polyploids with odd numbers of chrom numbers, like triploids, are?

Back 28

sterile or highly infertile

Front 29

autotetraploids come from the?

Back 29

doubling of 2N to 4N

Front 30

autotetraploids can be made artificially by?

Back 30

using chem that disrupt microtubule polymerization

Front 31

colchicine is a?

Back 31

common antitubulin agent

Front 32

a cell treated with colchicine will?

Back 32

have the s phase but chromosome segreg or cell division wont

Front 33

treating a 2n cell with colchicine will yield?

Back 33

a 4N cell

Front 34

what are the 3 diff meiotic possib in tetraploids?

Back 34

1. 2 bivalents
2. one quadrivalent
3. one univalent and a trivalent

Front 35

autotetraploids
if chrom pair as bival or quadrivalents then you can have?

Back 35

chomosomes that segregate normally.

Front 36

autotetraploids
if trivalents form what will happen?

Back 36

segreg will lead to nonfunct aneuploid gametes

Front 37

tetraploid
A/A/a/a X A/A/a/a
what will be odds of an a/a gamete?

Back 37

2/3 X 1/4= or 1/6

Front 38

tetraploid
A/A/a/a X A/A/a/a
probab of a/a/a/a zygote is?

Back 38

1/6 X 1/6= 1/36

Front 39

tetraploid
A/A/a/a X A/A/a/a
probab of A/-/-/- is ?

Back 39

1-1/36
or 35/36

Front 40

many species that act like normal diploids or haploids are descendants of?

Back 40

autopolypolids that occured in the past

Front 41

allopolyploids are?

Back 41

plant that is a hybrid of 2 or more species

Front 42

karpechenko made an allopolyploidy by?

Back 42

crossing cabbage with the radish.

Front 43

amphidiploid are ?

Back 43

doubled diploid.

Front 44

karpechenko
his sterile hybrid plant spontaneously?

Back 44

doubled
it became a amphidiploid. thus each chromosome had a pairing partner for meiosis

Front 45

karpechenko
his radish and cabbage
F1 hybrid had n + n =?

Back 45

9 + 9

Front 46

karpechenko
his radish and cabbage
F1 hybrid spontaneously became?

Back 46

a fertile amphidiploid

Front 47

______________ has been a maj force in evol of new plant species

Back 47

allopolyploidy

Front 48

give an example of allopolyploidy giving rise to new species?

Back 48

3 species of Brassica combining with each other to form new species of plants

Front 49

you can make artificial allopolyploid plants by?

Back 49

fusing diploid cells from diff spec

Front 50

agricult applicat
why are monoploids good to have?

Back 50

1bec recess mutations will be phenotypically expressed and not covered up by diploidy
2. good allele combinations wont be broken up by recombinat

Front 51

agricult applicat
having monopliods can prev good allele combinat from being broken up by?

Back 51

recombination

Front 52

how do you artif get a monoploid?

Back 52

a pollen grain cell can be cold treated. it will bec a embyroid

Front 53

embryoid is made by?

Back 53

cold treating a pollen cell

Front 54

monoploid cells can be exposed to mutagen and then selected for resistance to things like?

Back 54

plant parasites or herbicides

Front 55

autotriploids
give an ex of them?

Back 55

bananas
seedless watermelon

Front 56

t or f
polyploidy in animals is rare

Back 56

t

Front 57

give 3 ex of polyploidy animals?

Back 57

worms, frogs, salemanders

Front 58

aneuploidy is?

Back 58

when a org differs by part of the chrom set

Front 59

trisomic means

Back 59

2n+1

Front 60

2n-1 is?

Back 60

monosomic

Front 61

2n-2 is?

Back 61

nullisomic

Front 62

in haploids
n+1 is?

Back 62

disomic

Front 63

disomic in ________ is n+1

Back 63

haploids

Front 64

what is the maj cause of most aneuploidy?

Back 64

nondisjunction

Front 65

mitotic nondisjunction during development results in?

Back 65

aneuploid sections of the body

Front 66

meiotic disj
can occur at ____________ meiotic division

Back 66

first or second

Front 67

n-1 gamete and a n gamete will make?

Back 67

a monosomic zygote

Front 68

n+1 gamete fertiliz by n gamete yields a?

Back 68

2n +1
trisomic

Front 69

nondisj is more likely in meiosis ________?

Back 69

I
not II

Front 70

why is nondisjunct more likely in Meiosis I?

Back 70

cause proph and met I require prop pairing of homolog chrom of the tetrad

Front 71

___________ are a necess component of the normal disjunct process

Back 71

crossovers

Front 72

format of a _______ helps hold the tetrad together

Back 72

chiasma

Front 73

in drosophil, most of the nondisjunct chrom are ?

Back 73

recombinant

Front 74

___________ are needed to maintain the intact tetrad until anaphase I

Back 74

crossovers

Front 75

monosomics are?

Back 75

2n-1

Front 76

Turner syndrome is?

Back 76

44 autosomes and
single X

Front 77

Turner syndrome
what are its effects?

Back 77

sterile f
short

Front 78

geneticists use viable plant monosomics to match recess mutant alles to ?

Back 78

a spec chromosome

Front 79

_________ have an extra copy of one chromosome

Back 79

trisomics

Front 80

2n +1 is?

Back 80

trisomic

Front 81

klinfelters syndrome is?

Back 81

XXY
lanky males, with mild retard

Front 82

down syndrome is?

Back 82

trisomy of chrom 21

Front 83

who runs a higher risk of having children with Down syndrome?

Back 83

older mothers

Front 84

in females, eggs are arrested at?

Back 84

in late prophase I

Front 85

in females, eggs are arrested in late prophase I and ________ must stay assoc for a long time

Back 85

the chromosomal tetrad

Front 86

t or f
in female animals most nondisj happens at anaphase II

Back 86

false
anaphase I

Front 87

patau syndrome is?

Back 87

trisomy 13

Front 88

trisomy 13 is?

Back 88

patau syndrome

Front 89

edwards syndrome is?

Back 89

trisomy 18

Front 90

Patua and edward sydrome?
what is their life expectancy?

Back 90

very short. less than a year

Front 91

plant aneuploidy
will look ?

Back 91

disproportionate in some way

Front 92

plant aneuploidy -disproport
plant polyploidy- ?

Back 92

proportionate but bigger

Front 93

in plant aneuploidy.
who is going to be more abnormal, the monosomic or the trisomic?

Back 93

the monosomic

Front 94

humans. who is more abnormal?
autosomal monosomics or trisomics?

Back 94

monosomics- they wont even survive

Front 95

ratio of A and B genes is 2A:3B.
this shows that the genes are?

Back 95

out of balance

Front 96

gene dosage effect is?

Back 96

that the more copies of a g you have the more g prod you have

Front 97

sometimes the imbal of aneuploidy result from?

Back 97

a few "major genes" on a chromosome

Front 98

the x chromosome has sex g and?

Back 98

housekeeping genes

Front 99

females XX
males XY
but to correct for the double amount of g in the females you have?

Back 99

dosage compensation

Front 100

in mammals,
females
one X is always?

Back 100

inactivated

Front 101

mammals
males
the X chromosome is?

Back 101

hyperactive