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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The study of biological inherited traits
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Genetics
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The study of the chemical nature of genes and of how genes funtion to affect the traits of all living organisms
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molecular genetics
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The macro-molecule, usually composed of two poly-nucleotide chains in a double helix, that is the carrier of the genetic information in all cells and many viruses
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Deoxyribonuceic acid (DNA)
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Thread like objects inside the nucleus that become visible in the light microscope when stained with certain dyes
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chromosomes
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Visible clump of cells
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colony
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Change in the phenotype of a cell or organism resulting from exposure of the cell or organism to DNA isolated from a differnt genotype.
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Transformation
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A virus that attacks bacterial cells
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bacteriophage or phage
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The subunits of each strand of DNA
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nucleotides
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the four chemical constituents that every nucleotide contains
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bases
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What are the four bases?
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Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
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The complementary pairing of bases
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Watson-Crick base pairing
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individual strand of a DNA molecule
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single stranded DNA
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Double helix of a DNA molecule
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Double stranded DNA or Duplex DNA
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Directionality, like a chain of circus elephants linked trunk to tail
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Polarity
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Oppositely oriented strands of DNA
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antiparallel
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The copying process in which a single stranded DNA molecule becomes two identical molecules
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Replication
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Each individual strand serves as a pattern
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Template
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Proteins control the chemical and physical processes of cells
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Metabolism
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intorduced in 1878 to refer to the biological catalysts that accelerate biochemicl reactions
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Enzymes
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Any hereditory disease in which cellular metabolism is abnormal results from an inherited defect in an enzyme
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Inborn errors of metabolism
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An inborn errors of metabolism in which the abnormal substance excreted is homogentisic acid.
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Alkaptonuria
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One of the building blocks from which proteins are made
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amino acids
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Any such sequence of biochemical reactions
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Chemical pathway or metabolic pathway
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Each arrow in the pathway represents a single step depicting the transition from the input
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Substrate molecule
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The tail of the arrow of the pathway to the output
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Product molecule
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When an enzyme in a pathway is defective, the pathway is said to have a "blank" at this step
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Block
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Small molecules
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Metabolites
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A condition resulting from the absense of (or a defect in) the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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The result of protein synthesis which consists of a liner sequence of amino acids connected end to end
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Polypeptide chain
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The indirect route of information transfer
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Central dogma
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Contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, is usually single stranded, and contains the base uracil instead of thymine, which is present in DNA
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Ribonucleaic acid, RNA
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Carries the genetic information from DNA and is used as a template for polypeptide syntesis.
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Messenger RNA, mRNA
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Major constituents of the cellular particles called ribomes on which polpeptide synthesis takes place
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ribosomal RNA, rRNA
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Carries a particular amino acid as well as a three-base recognition region that base-pairs with a group of three adjacent bases in the mRNA
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Transfer RNA, tRNA
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