Genetics Chapte 1 Study Guide

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A visible cluster of cells formed on a solid growth medium by repeated division of a single parental cell and its daughter cells.

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colony

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A polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

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polypeptide chain

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Substance excreted in the urine of alkaptonurics and turns black upon oxidation.

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homogentisic acid

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The cellular organelle on which the codons of mRNA are translated into amino acids in protein synthesis. They consist of two subunits, each composed of RNA and proteins. In prokaryotes, the subunits are 30S and 50S particles; in eukaryotes, they are 40S and 60S particles.

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ribosome

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The condition in which a single mutant gene affects two or more distinct and seemingly unrelated traits

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pleiotropy

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The 5''-to-3'' orientation of a strand of nucleic acid.

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polarity

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The total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus; in eukaryotes, commonly used to refer to all genes present in one complete haploid set of chromosomes in eukaryotes.

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genome

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A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in an mRNA molecule, specifying either an amino acid or a stop signal in protein synthesis.

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codon

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A virus that infects bacterial cells; commonly called a phage.

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phage

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An organism that lacks a nucleus; prokaryotic cells divide by fission.

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prokaryote

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A nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA.

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cytosine

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A strand of nucleic acid whose base sequence is copied in a polymerization reaction to produce either a complementary DNA or RNA strand.

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template

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Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid in which the sugar constituent is ribose; typically, it is single-stranded and contains the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

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RNA

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A diagram showing the order in which intermediate molecules are produced in the synthesis or degradation of a metabolite in a cell.

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biochemical pathway

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A genetically determined biochemical disorder, usually in the form of an enzyme defect that produces a metabolic block.

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inborn error of metabolism

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The concept that genetic information is transferred from the nucleotide sequence in DNA to the nucleotide sequence in an RNA transcript to the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain.

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central dogma

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A double-stranded DNA molecule.

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duplex DNA

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Regions of nucleic acid molecules whose nucleotides can undergo Watson-Crick base pairing.

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complementary base pairing

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A polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

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polypeptide

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RNA; a nucleic acid in which the sugar constituent is ribose; typically RNA is single-stranded and contains the four bases adenine, cytosince, guanine, and uracil.

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Ribonucleic acid

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One of the three major classes of organisms; also called archaebacteria, they are unicellular microorganisms, usually found in extreme environments, that differ as much from bacteria as either group differs from eukaryotes. (See also Bacteria.)

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Archaea

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Any phenotypic effect that is a secondary manifestation of a mutant gene.

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pleiotropic effect

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Stoppage in a reaction sequence due to a defective or missing enzyme.

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block in a biochemical pathway

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The chemical orientation of the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule; the 5''-to-3'' orientations of the two strands are opposite one another.

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antiparallel

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A set of chemical reactions that take place in a definite order to convert a particular starting molecule into one or more specific products.

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metabolic pathway

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The branch of genetics concerned with the chemistry of DNA and the molecules that participate in its replication, function, mutation, and repair.

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molecular genetics

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A set of nitrogenous bases, most commonly one purine and one pyrimidine, held together by hydrogen bonds in a double-stranded region of a nucleic acid molecule; commonly abbreviated bp, the term is ovten used interchangeably with the term nucleotide pair. The normal base pairs in DNA are A-T and G-C.

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base pair

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A condition that resembles phenylketonuria and results from embryonic development in the uterus of a woman deficient in phenylalanine hydroxylase.

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maternal PKU

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A heritable alteration in a gene or chromosome; also, the process by which such an alteration happens. Used incorrectly, but with increasing frequency, as a synonym for mutant, even in some excellent textbooks.

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mutation

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A substance acted on by an enzyme.

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substrate molecule

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The set of 64 triplets of bases (codons) that correspond to the twenty amino acids in proteins and the signals for initiation and termination of polypeptide synthesis.

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genetic code

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RNA molecules that are components of the ribosomal subunits; in eukaryotes, there are four rRNA molecules -- 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S; in prokaryotes, there are three -- 5S, 16S, and 23S.

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rRNA- ribosomal

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A small RNA molecule that translates a codon into an amino acid in protein synthesis; it has a three-base sequence, called the anticodon, complementary to a specific codon in mRNA, and a site to which a specific amino acid is bound.

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tRNA- transfer

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Any heritable biological entity that differs from wildtype, such as a mutant DNA molecule, mutant allele, mutant gene, mutant chromosome, mutant cell, mutant organism, or mutant heritable phenotype; also, a cell or organism in which a mutant allele is expressed.

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mutant

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A nitrogenous purine base found in DNA and RNA.

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Adenine

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A nitrogenous purine base found in DNA and RNA.

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guanine

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A hereditary human condition resulting from inability to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine; causes severe mental retardation unless treated in infancy and childhood by a low-phenylalanine diet.

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phenylketonuria (PKU)

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The process by which the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome according to the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule.

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translation

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An RNA strand that is produced from, and is complementary in base sequence to, a DNA template strand.

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transcript

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The enzyme, deficient in phenylketonuria, that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine.

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Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)

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In eukaryotes, a DNA molecule that contains genes in linear order to which numerous proteins are bound and that has a telomere at each end and a centromere; in prokaryotes, the DNA is associated with fewer proteins, lacks telomeres and a centromere, and is often circular; in viruses, the chromosome is DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded, linear or circular, and often free of bound proteins.

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chromosome

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The part of a DNA sequence that codes for the amino acids in a protein.

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coding region

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One of the major kingdoms of living organisms, in which the cells have a true nucleus and divide by mitosis or meiosis.

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Eukarya

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A recessively inherited metabolic disorder in which a defect in the breakdown of tyrosine leads to excretion of homogentisic acid (alkapton) in the urine.

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alkaptonuria

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A DNA polymorpohism in a population in which the alleles differ in the number of copies of a short, tandemly repeated nucleotide sequence.

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simple sequence repeat (SSR_

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Any aspect of the appearance, behavior, development, biochemistry, or other feature of an organism.

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trait

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The set of all proteins contained in a genome.

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proteome

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Single-ring (pyrimidine) or double-ring (purine) component of a nucleic acid.

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base

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A cell with a true nucleus (DNA enclosed in a membranous envelope) in which cell division takes place by mitosis or meiosis; an organism composed of eukaryotic cells.

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eukaryote

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The hereditary unit defined experimentally by the complementation test. At the molecular level, a region of DNA containing genetic information, usually transcribed into an RNA molecule that is processed and either functions directly or is translated into a polypeptide chain; a gene can mutate to various forms called alleles.

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gene

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Messenger RNA

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mRNA

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A DNA molecule consisting of two antiparallel strands that are complementary in nucleotide sequence.

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double stranded DNA

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Study of the complement of proteins present in a cell or organism in order to identify their localization, functions, and interactions.

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proteomics

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A DNA molecule that consists of a single polynucleotide chain.

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single stranded DNA

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Base pairing in DNA or RNA in which A pairs with T (or with U in RNA) and G pairs with C.

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watson-crick base pairing

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Any small molecule that serves as a substrate, an intermediate, or a product of a metabolic pathway.

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metabolite

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The process by which the information contained in a template strand of DNA is copied into a single-stranded RNA molecule of complementary base sequence.

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transcription

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Cumulative change in the genetic characteristics of a species through time.

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evolution

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A nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in DNA.

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thymine

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An RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA sequence and translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. In eukaryotes, the primary transcript undergoes elaborate processing to become mRNA.

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mRNA- messenger

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, the macromolecule, usually composed of two polynucleotide chains in a double helix, that is the carrier of the genetic information in all cells and many viruses.

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DNA

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The study of biological heredity.

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genetics

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A nucleoside phosphate.

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nucleotide

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One of the major kingdoms of living things; includes most bacteria. (See also Archaea)

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bacteria

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A virus that infects bacterial cells; commonly caled a phage.

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bacteriophage

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The totality of chemical and physical processes that take place in cells or organisms.

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metabolism

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Any one of a class of organic molecules that have an amino group and a carboxyl group; 20 different molecules of this class are the usual components of proteins.

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amino acid

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The five-carbon sugar in RNA.

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ribose

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A protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction and is not itself altered in the process.

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enzyme

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A nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in RNA.

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uracil

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A polymer composed of repeating units of phosphate-linked five-carbon sugars to which nitrogenous bases are attached.

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nucleic acid

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What base is found only in RNA?

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Uracil

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Thymine is always paired with__

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Adenine

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Transcription can produce what type of RNA?

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tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA

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The sequence of one strand of DNA is 5'-AGTTTGC-3'. The sequence of the RNA, transcribed using this strand as a template, would be____

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5'-UCAAACG-3'

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The individual subunits making up each strand of DNA are called___

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nucleotides

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Stop codons consist of ___

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UAA, UGA, UAG

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Paralogous genes are___

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Related via a gene duplication within the species

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the codon that specifies Met, the first amino acid in proteins is___

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AUG

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The process of making an RNA strand from a DNA template is called___

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transcription

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One of the strands of a piece of DNA has the sequence 5'-TCGCGA-3'. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? Label the termini as 5' or 3'

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5'-TCGCGA-3'

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Evolution is the change in an individual over time. True or false?

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False, evolution is change in populations only.

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DNA's physical shape is best described as___

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a double stranded helix

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In eukaryotic organisms, chromosomes are found ___

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in the nucleus

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Pollution from a nearby plant causes the bark on trees to change to a light grey from brown. The numbers of light grey moths in the are increases and fewer brown moths are seen. The brown moths are easier for predators to see. this is an example of___

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evolution by natural selection

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the experiment that showed that Streptococcus undergo transformation is___

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Griffith's experiment

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the experiment that demonstrated that DNA, NOT protein direct phage reproduction was___

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Hershey and Chase experiment

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who found there were inborn errors of metabolism?

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Garrod

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DNA to RNA to Protein

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Central dogma

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carries genetic information from DNA, template for polypeptide synthesis

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messenger RNA

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major constituent of ribosomes

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Ribosomal RNA

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carries an amino acid and containes a 3 base recognition region

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Transfer RNA

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genes code for___

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proteins

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In the example of alkaptonuria, what is the cause of the disorder?

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a defective enzyme that "blocks" the metabolic pathway for the breakdown of phenylalanine and tyrosine

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A defective enzyme results from a mutant___

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gene

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making RNA from a DNA template is ___

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transcription

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synthesis of a polypeptide under direction of an mRNA molecule is____

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translation

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A group of three bases is called a___

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Codon

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Which single-stranded DNA sequence would be reverse-transcribed from this stretch of RNA?
5' - AUGUUUAAUGCA - 3'

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3' - TACAAATTACGT - 5'

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40% of cats with white fur and blue eyes are also deaf is an example of____

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pleiotropy

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traits (phenotype) are strictly controlled by genes? true of false?

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false