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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Antiparallel
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The chemical orientation of the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule; the 5' to 3' orientations of the two strands are opposite one another
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C-value Paradox
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The observation that among eukaryotes, the DNA content of the haploid genome bears no consistent relationship to the metabolic, developmental, or behavioral complexity of the organism
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Daughter Strand
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A newly synthesized DNA or chromosome strand
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Denaturation
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The dissolution of the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins or nucleic acids. These changes may occur as a result of change in pH, temperature, exposure to air, or mechanical manipulation.
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Dideoxyribose
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A deoxyribose sugar that lacks the 3' hydroxyl group; when incorporated into a polynucleotide chain, it blocks further chain elongation
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Dideoxy Sequencing Method
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Procedure for DNA sequencing in which a template strand is replicated from a particular primer sequence and terminated by the incorporation of a nucleotide that contains dideoxyribose instead of deoxyribose; the resulting fragments are separated by size via electrophoresis
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DNA ligase
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An enzyme that catalyzes formation of a covalent bond between adjacent 5'P and 3' OH termini in a broken polynucleotide strand of double-stranded DNA
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DNA Polymerase
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Any enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from deoxynucleoside 5' triphosphates, using a template strand
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Editing Function
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The activity of DNA polymerases that removes incorrectly incorporated nucleotides; also called the proofreading function
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5' End
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The end of a DNA or RNA strand that terminates in a free phosphate group not connected to a sugar further along
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Genome
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The total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus; commonly used to refer to all genes present in one complete haploid set of chromosomes in eukaryotes
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Gyrase
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A type of toposiomerase II that cleaves and rejoins both strands of a DNA duplex to relieve torsional stress
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Helicase
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A protein that separates the strands of double-stranded DNA
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Hydrogen Bond
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A weak noncovalent linkage between two negatively charged atoms which a hydrogen atom is shared
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Initiation
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The process by which mRNA binds with ribosomes and other factors and protein synthesis begins
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Kilobase (kb)
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Unit of length of a duplex DNA molecule; equal to 1000 base pairs
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Lagging Strand
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The DNA strand whose complement is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately joined together
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Leading Strand
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The DNA strand whose complement is synthesized as a continuous unit
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Megabase (Mb)
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Unit of length of a duplex nucleic acid molecule; equal to 1 million base pairs
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Nucleic Acid Hybridization
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The formation of duplex nucleic acid from complementary single strands
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Nucleoside
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A purine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a sugar
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Nucleotide
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A nucleoside phosphate
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Parental Strand
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Alleles present in an offspring chromosome in the same combination as that found in one of the parental chromosomes
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Phosphodiester Bond
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In nucleic acids, the covalent bond formed between the 5' phosphate group (5' P) of one nucleotide and the 3' hydroxyl group (3' OH) of the next nucleotide in line these bonds form the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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Repeated cycles of DNA Denaturation, renaturation
with primer oligonucleotide sequences, and replication, resulting in exponential growth in the number of copies of the DNA sequence located between the primers |
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Polynucleotide chain
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A polumer of covalent linked nucleotides
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Precursor Fragment
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Any of the short strands of DNA produced during discontinuous
replication of the lagging strand; |
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Primer
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–In nucleic acids, a short RNA or single-stranded DNA segment that functions as
a growing point in polymerization |
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Primer
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–In nucleic acids, a short RNA or single-stranded DNA segment that functions as
a growing point in polymerization |
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Primosome
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–The enzyme complex that forms the RNA primer for DNA replication in
eukaryotic cells |
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Probe
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A radioactive DNA and RNA molecule used in DNA-RNA and DNA-DNA
hybridization assays |
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Proofreading Function
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The activity of DNA polumerases that removes incorrectly
incorporated nucleotides |
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Purine
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–An organic base found in nucleic acids; the predominant examples are adenine
and guanine |
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Pyrimidine
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are cytosine, uracil (in RNA only), and thymine (in DNA only)
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Renaturation
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The reestablishment of the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins or
nucleic acids after it has been destroyed by heat, exposure to air, or extreme pH values. |
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Replication Fork
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In a replicating DNA molecule, the region in which nucleotides are
added to growing strands |
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Replication Origin
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The base sequence at which DNA synthesis begins
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Restriction Enzyme
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A nuclease that recognizes a short nucleotide sequence (restriction
site) in a DNA molecule and cleaves the molecule at that site |
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Restriction Fragment
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A segment of duplex DNA produced by cleavage of a larger molecule by a restriction enzyme
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Restriction Map
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A diagram of a DNA molecule showing the positions of cleavage by
one or more restriction endonucleases |
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Restriction Site
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–The base sequence ay which a particular restriction endonuclease
makes a cut |
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Ribose
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The Five-carbon sugar in RNA
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RNA polymerase
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An enzyme that makes RNA by copying the base sequence of a DNA strand
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Rolling-circle Replication
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A mode of replication in which a circular parent molecule produces a linear branch of newly formed DNA
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Semiconservative Replication
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The usual mode of DNA replication, in which each
strand of a duplex molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, and the daughter molecules are composed of one old (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand |
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Single-Stranded DNA binding Protein (SSB)
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A protein able to bind and stabilize single-stranded DNA
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Southern Blot
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A nucleic acid hybridization method in which after electrophoretic
separation, denatured DNA is transferred from a gel to a membrane filter and then exposed to radioactive DNA or RNA under conditions of Renaturation; the radioactive regions locate the homologous DNA fragments on the filter |
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Template
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A strand of nucleic acid whose base sequence is copied in a polymerization reaction to produce either a complementary DNA or RNA strand
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O replication
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Bidirectional replication of a circular DNA molecule, starting from a
single-origin of replication |
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3' End
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The end of a DNA or RNA strand that terminates in a sugar and so has a free hydroxyl group on the number-3’ carbon
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