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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colinearity
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Concept that there is a direct correspondence between the nucleotide sequence of a gene and the continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein
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Exon
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Coding region of a split gene (a gene that is interrupted by introns)
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Intron
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Intervening sequence in a split gene; removed from the RNA after transcription
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Group I intron
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Belongs to a class of introns in some ribosomal RNA genes that are capable of self-splicing
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Group II intron
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Belongs to a class of introns in some protein-encoding genes that are capable of self-splicing and are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a few eubacteria
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Nuclear pre-mRNA intron
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Belongs to a class of introns in protein-encoding genes that reside in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells
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Transfer RNA intron
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Belongs to a class of introns in tRNA genes; the splicing of these genes relies on enzymes
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Codon
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Sequence of three nucleotides that encodes one amino acid in a protein
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5' untranslated region
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sometimes called the leader, is a sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA and does not encode any of the amino acids of a protein
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
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Consensus sequence found in the bacterial 5' untranslated region of mRNA
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Protein-coding region
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The part of mRNA consisting of the nucleotides that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein
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3' untranslated region
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somtimes called a "trailer", is a sequence of nucleotides that is at the 3' end of the mRNA and not translated into protein
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5' cap
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Consists of the addition of an extra nucleotide at the 5' end of the mRNA and methylation
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poly(A) tail
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String of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA after transcription
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RNA splicing
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Process by which introns are removed and exons are joined together
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5' splice site
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One end of the intron that possesses short consensus sequences
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3' splice site
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One end of the intron that possesses short consensus sequences
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Branch point
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Adenine nucleotide in nuclear pre-mRNA introns that lies from 18 to 40 nucleotides upstream of the 3' splice site
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Spliceosome
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Large complex consists of several RNAs and many proteins that splices protein-encoding pre-mRNA
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Lariat
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Looplike structure created in the splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA in which the 5' end of an intron is attached to a branch point in pre-mRNA
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Trans-splicing
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The process of splicing together exons from two or more pre-mRNAs
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Alternative processing pathway
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One of several pathways by which a single-mRNA can be processed in different ways to produce alternative types of mRNA
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Alternative splicing
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Process by which a single pre-mRNA can be spliced in more than one way to produce different types of mRNA
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Multiple 3' cleavage sites
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Refers to the presence of more than one 3' cleavage site on a single pre-MRNA
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RNA editing
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Process in which the protein-coding sequence of an mRNA is altered after transcription
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Guide RNA
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RNA molecule that serves as a template for an alteration made in mRNA during RNA editing
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Modified base
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Rare base found in some RNA molecules
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tRNA-modifying enzyme
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Creates a modified base in RNA by catalyzing a chemical change in the standard base
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Cloverleaf structure
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Secondary structure common to all tRNAs
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Anticodon
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Sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with the corresponding codon in mRNA in translation
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Large ribosomal subunit
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The larger of the two subunits of a functional ribosome
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Small ribosomal subunit
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The smaller of two subunits of a functional ribosome
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RNA interference
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A powerful precise mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to limit the invasion of foreign genes and to censor the expression of their own genes
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RNA-induced silencing complex
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Combination of a siRNA or miRNA and proteins that can cleave mRNA, leading to the degradation of the mRNA, or affect transcription or repress translation of the mRNA
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What evidence indicated that eukaryotic genes are not collinear with their proteins?
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When DNA was hybridized to the mRNA transcribed from it, regions of DNA that did not correspond to RNA looped out
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What are the four major types of introns?
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Group I introns, group II introns, nuclear pre-mRNA introns, transfer RNA introns
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Which region of mRNA contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
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5' untranslated region
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Why are pre-mRNAs capped, but tRNAs and rRNAs aren't?
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A protein that adds the 5' cap is associated with RNA polymerase II, which transcribes pre-mRNAs but is absent from RNA polymerase I and II, which transcribe rRna and tRNAs
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If a splice sit were mutated so that spliciding did not take place, what would the effect be on the protein encoded by mRNA?
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It would be longer than normal
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Alternative 3' cleavage sites results in
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multiple mRNAs of different length
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What specifies the modified sequence of nucleotides found in an edited RNA molecule?
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Guide RNAs
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How are rare bases incorporated into tRNAs?
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By chemical changes to one of the standard bases
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What types of changes take place in rRNA processing?
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Methylation of bases, cleavage of a larger precursor, nucleotides are trimmed from the ends of rRNAs
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How do siRNAs and miRNAs target specific mRNAs for degradation or for the repression of translation?
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The siRNA or miRNA combines with proteins to form RISC, which then pairs with the mRNA through complementary pairing between bases on the siRNA or miRNA and bases on the mRNA
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