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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 people involved in DNA structure
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Franklin, Watson, crick, wilkins
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Griffith- what changed live R strain from dead S strain
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Transformation principle
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Avery, Macleod, McCarty- deduced type of organic molecule that was griffiths molecule from what?
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Fractionation (when DNA was destroyed, the mice weren't killed)
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What is involved in formation of the chromosome cap?
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Werner protein
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What enzyme swivels ONE strand of DNA to replicate it?
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Topoisomerase 1
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In what direction does dna pol 3 produce the product strand? why can't it go in other direction?
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5' to 3'
proofreading needs energy, which is only there going this direction |
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What holds DNA pol 3 to template so it can work as processing enzyme?
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Beta clamp (or pcna)
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What part of sugar molecule has to be in the right position to prime pol 3?
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3' OH group
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What unwinds and breaks the dsDNA during replication?
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Helicase
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What protein does the CAF (chromatin assembly factor) form during replication?
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Nucleosome or histone
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Purines (& how many rings)
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A, G, 2 rings
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pyrimidines (& how many rings)
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T, C, 1 ring
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Adenine + sugar =
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adenosine
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adenosine + (OH H)
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deoxyadenosine
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deoxyadenosine + 1 P
+ 2P |
dAMP
dADP |
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Why does evolution select for GC rich areas in genes and AT rich areas outside of genes?
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When cytosine is methylated to be turned off and oxygen deaminates it, it looks like Thymine and isn't repaired. So when a T pops up outside of genes, its kept. but when T pops up inside gene, it will probably be nonfunctional and dies off, leaving GC.
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what bands are there in semiconservative in first generation? second generation?
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1 medium
1 medium, 1 light |
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what bands are there in conservative in first generation? second generation?
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1 heavy, 1 light
1 heavy, 1 light |
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what bands are there in dispersive in first generation? second generation?
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1 medium
1 slightly above medium |
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another name for kornberg enzyme? what does it do?
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DNA polymerase 1, its a repair enzyme. connects okasaki fragments
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what cuts TWO strands to unknot the DNA?
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topoisomerase 2
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what proteins hold the 2 DNA strands open while replicating?
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single stranded binding proteins
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what needs 3' OH group (won't synthesize without it)
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primer
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what lays down the primer?
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RNA primase
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what reads, replicates and proofreads DNA?
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DNA polymerase 3
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what removes RNA primers and fills the gaps?
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DNA polyermase 1
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what ties the okasaki fragments together?
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ligase
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what keeps the DS of DNA from being broken by enzymes?
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telomerase cap
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what keeps DNA from shortening when it replicates? how does this work?
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telomerase, it lengthens the chromosome so can put primer down (which needs 3' OH)
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Chargaff's rule
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T + C = A + G
T= A G= C |
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What did Hershey and Chase do?
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labeled DNA, which was transferred by virus so know thats the genetic material.
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what did cairns do?
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showed replication fork in autoradiograph.
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What's information (blue print) RNA?
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mRNA
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What's functional RNA that transfers amino acids to become polypeptide?
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tRNA
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What functional RNA used to make ribosome?
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rRNA
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What functional RNA is used to process primary transcript?
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snRNA (spliceosome)
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What functional RNA is used to process rRNA?
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snoRNA (small nucleolar organizer)
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What functional RNA synthesizes DNA on its own template?
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telomere RNA
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What regulatory RNA is used to protect against viruses (originally) and downregulates by cutting up mRNA?
what also downregulates? |
siRNA (small interfering RNA)
piRNA (piwi interacting RNA) |
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What regulatory RNA is used to downregulate by binding to mRNA? also determines how much mRNA to make?
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miRNA (micro RNA)
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What regulatory RNA targets histone proteins?
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lncRNA (long noncoding RNA)
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what's it called when more complex organisms have less genes than others? why does this happen?
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"c" paradox
it's more important how they're regulated and spliced (and how much is expressed is more important than just on/off) |
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Another name for the noncoding strand?
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template strand, mRNA has to complement and be antiparallel
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what RNA strand has the same sequence as DNA?
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coding strand
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whats the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic replication?
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prokaryotes cotranscribe/ cotranslate because no nuclear membrane. in eukaryotes, not all can be transcribed at once because organzed into separate areas
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in eukaryotes, what synthesizes:
mRNA rRNA tRNA, snoRNA |
mRNA- RNA polymerase 2
rRNA- RNA polymerase 1 tRNA, snoRNA- RNA polymerase 3 |
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Why are genes split (5 reasons)?
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1. make multiple proteins from one gene (ex. immunoglobin)
2. evolutionary combinatories (evolution takes exons that work and recombine them to make new things) 3. proteome is greater than genome 4. makes tissues more specific (ex. heart) 5. back up proteins |
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what is capped to tell cell its RNA?
capped with what? this is essential for what? |
7 methyl gaunosine cap
mRNA essential for binding to ribosome and ago |
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what rule does spliceosome follow?
what does this mark? what does the splicing? what does it form to cut it out? |
GU-A-AG
marks introns. snRNA lariats |
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what is needed before the mRNA can be exported and determines the half life?
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poly A tail
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What recognizes ds miRNA and cleaves it into 22 nucleotide sequences?
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dicer
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what unwinds miRNA and binds it to its complementary mRNA to repress its translation. this increases our ability to respond quickly.
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RISC (RNA interference silencing complex)
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what amino acid forms a kink in the polypeptide (protein changes direction)
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proline
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what amino acid starts the polypeptide?
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methionine
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what amino acid has a sulfur group sticking out (controls tertiary stucture)
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cysteine
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what polar (uncharged) amino acids have an OH site thats good for phosphorylating to activate enzymes
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serine
threonine |
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what 3 charged amino acids make up histones?
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histidine
lysine arginine |
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what amino acid makes molecules lumpy, other structures have to fit into it
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tryptophan
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what creates the primary structure of polypeptides?
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sequence
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what creates the secondary structure of polypeptides?
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H-bonding
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what's "helix turn helix" or zinc finger
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molecule has similar stucture of DNA (grooves) and so you know it can fit with DNA.
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what creates the tertiary structure of polypeptides?
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cysteine bonds
van der waal forces - fit together hydrophobic forces- move towards center if in water. this also gives domains (functional units of genes) |
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Protein folding is aided by what? (which keeps them linear after translation when shipped through mitochondria membrane)
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chaperone proteins
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tRNA carries amino acids at what end?
tRNA is transcribed by what? what is added after tRNA is transcribed that allows it to accept amino acids? |
3' OH
RNA pol 3 CCA receptor stem |
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tRNA has some bases modified by what?
how many tRNA's are needed for the 64 codons? |
snoRNA
32 |
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What are the 2 steps of charging a tRNA?
what proofreads aa? |
1. amino acid + aminoacyl synthetase (specific for aa) + ATP
2. activated aa + tRNA (also specific) aminoacyl synthetase proofreads |
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what sets the reading frame?
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AUG (start codon) MET
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How many stop/ nonsense codons are there?
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3
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mRNA is colinear with polypeptide, meaning the ____ end of mRNA corresponds with the ____ end of polypeptide.
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5' mRNA = NH2 polypeptide
3' mRNA = CO2H polypeptide |
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what does it mean when i say the genetic code is degenerate?
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codons have synonyms coding for the same amino acids (except 2 codons)
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what idea says the 3rd letter in the codon can be different but still has same tRNA.
why is this good? |
crick- wobble hypothesis
minimizes the risk for mutation and allows greater efficiency of translation |
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what's the term meaning a tRNA that can code for a specific amino acid.
only one needed for 2 codons because of wobble hypothesis. |
isoaccepting tRNA.
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in eukaryotes, what keeps the small ribosomal unit binded after termination so the next initiation is quicker?
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eIF4e initiation factor
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3 functions/processes of SRP (signal receptor protein)?
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1. stops translation
2. docks the ribosome on ER (makes it rough) 3. translocon (channel) protein makes a hole so the protein made goes into the ER, not the cytoplasm. |
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what can counteract the effects of a nonsense mutation?
why can cell still be sick? |
suppressor
b/c a tRNA now ignores the stop codon, it may correct that one protein but others will be affected in a bad way. |
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what is the idea that all mRNA need a signal at 5' end to be exported,
the first 20 amino acids = signal peptide. what recognizes this? |
signal hypothesis
SRP (signal receptor protein) |
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watson and crick used who's structure of DNA to make the real one?
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linus and pauling
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