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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a gene? |
-A unit of function that controls the synthesis of at least one polypeptide or RNA |
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What is another name for polypeptide? |
A protein |
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What are genes made from? |
-Nucleic Acids -Nucleic Acids are made from nucleotides |
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What three molecules are nucleotides made up from? |
1) Sugar molecule 2) phosphate molecule 3) nitrogen containing molecule |
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What does RNA stand for? |
ribonucleic acid |
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What does DNA stand for? |
deoxyribonucleic acid |
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What components do both Prokaryote and Eukaryote genes share? |
-Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have: 1) Regulation of transcription 2) regulation of translation 3) signals for termination |
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What components do both Prokaryote and Eukaryote genes not share? |
-Eukaryotes have, within their coding region, introns and exons -Prokaryotes do have a coding region, but no introns or exons |
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Why are introns removed from a eukaryote? |
-Introns do not code for the phenotype -They are removed and the DNA is transcribed to RNA |
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How are introns removed from a eukaryote? |
-small riboproteins form a splicosome -the splicosome brings the ends of the introns together and cuts them off -after all introns are removed the splicosome dissassembles |
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Define gene and allele |
Gene: A unit of inheritance in a fixed location within a chromosome Allele: One of a pair of genes that occur in the same locus |
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? |
-The genotype is the sum of all the DNA, both coding and silent. -The phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism, used from the coding DNA |
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What is a parental? |
-The founding trains used in a cross -The parents of an offspring |
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What is a filial? |
-The offspring of a cross F1 = the first generation F2 = the second generation from two F1´s crossing, or a self replicating F1. |
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What is X-inactivation? |
-Early in development, the one of the two females X chromosomes is inactivated |
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What happens to the inactivated X chromosome? |
-The inactivated X chromosome becomes a Barr Body. -The X chromosome is reactivated if the cell is a sex cell. |
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Name both of Mendel´s laws. |
1) Law of segregation 2) Law of independent assortment |
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What is the law of segregation? |
-gene have different versions called alleles -In a diploid, the two alleles separate when the gene splits -In a heterozygote, two different alleles segregate from each other during meiosis |
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What is the law of independent assortment? |
-The alleles of one given gene assort (segregate) independently from alleles of any other gene. |
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What are two of Mendel´s observation of dominance? |
-Alleles are dominant or recessive -One allele may conceal the presence of the other |
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What is a monohybrid cross? |
The mating between individuals who have different alleles at the loci of interest |
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What is a dihybrid cross? |
Two or more monohybrid crossings occuring sumultaenously (in several genes of interest) |
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What is the multiplication rule? |
The probability of two or more events occuring together. |
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During Miosis, the phases go: Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Telophase 2 What occurs in each phase? |
Metaphase 1: Both chromosomes line up at the equator line in the cell Anaphase 1: Each chromosome gets pulled to its respective pole. Telophase 1: The cell cleaves down the middle and splits into two, with a chromosome in each Telophase 2: Both cells cleave again, into four total cells, with one strand from each chromosome in each. |
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What are the four non-mendelian theories? |
1) Multiple alleles 2) pleiotrophy 3) epistasis 4) Polygenic inheritance |
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What is the theory of multiple alleles? |
There can be multiple versions of alleles |
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What is the theory of pleiotrophy? |
Many genes can influence multiple phenotypic characters |
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What is the theory of epistasis? |
the phenotypic expression of one gene can affect the expression of another gene at another locus |
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What is the theory of polygenic inheritance? |
Characters that are conditioned by multiple genes |
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What are the two types of chromosomes? |
-Autosomes -Sex chromosomes |
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What is the humans haploid genome? |
Half the amount of total chromosomes
n=23 |
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What is the humans diploid genome? |
A humans total genome 2n=46 |
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Are there homologous regions in the X and Y chromosomes? |
-Yes, this is called the pseudo-autosomal region -Only the tips of the Y chromosome are homologous with the regions of the X chromosome |
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Do genes of the same chromosome independently assort? |
No, they cannot assort due to physical linkage |
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Do fathers pass their X-linked alleles to both their sons and daughters? |
No, fathers only pass their X-linked alleles to their daughters |
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Do mothers pass their X-linked alleles to both their sons and daughters? |
Yes, mothers pass their X-linked alleles to both their sons and daughters. |
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In a pedigree chart, the two factors are the shape (circle, square), and if they are shaded. What does this mean? |
Men = squares Women = cirlce Affected = shaded Unaffected = unshaded |
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What is nondisjunction? |
When the cells fail to seperate properly and there is an uneven distribution of chromosomes in the filial cells. |
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What are properties of autosomal dominant disorders? |
-Usually do not skip generations -Unaffected individuals don´t normally pass on to disorder -Affects both males and females |
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What are properties of autosomal recessive disorders? |
-Skips generations -More common in families who share recent ancestors -Can pass down the gene even if not affected -Affects both males and females |
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Do sperms have X or Y chromosomes? |
-Sperms have either X or Y chromosomes in them, not both -The ratio is 50/50 -Depending on which kind reaches the egg first, decides the gender -Eggs are always X |
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What is the deciding factor is an embryo becoming a male? |
-The Y chromosome has an SRY gene in it -The if the Y chromosome does not have the SRY gene, or is the XX chromosomes mutate to include the SRY gene, the embryo can be transgender. |
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Why do linked genes tend to be inherited together? |
Linked genes can be inherited together due to physical linkages |
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What is recombinant DNA? |
-When two parental homologous chromosomes line up and exchange alleles, and the filials get a mixture -This creates variation, although it may give rise to lethal mutations |
