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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is genetics?
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It's the study of heredity and how it's organized, expressed, inherited.
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What is molecular genetics?
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It's how molecules such as RNA, DNA and such are used to determine hereditary trait. It's the fundamental level of genetics
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What is transmission genetics?
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It's the rules of hereditary traits between organisms and within populations
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Phosphodiester bonds
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bonds between backbone of amino acids
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5 factors for DNA double helix
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Watson and Crick discovered it. It's right handed, anti-parallel and has constant width and the bases are perpendicular to axis. It's semi-conservative
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DNA replication
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Both strands act like templates and are semi-conservative. They have initiation, elongation, termination
DNA polymerase builds the DNA and is synthesized from 5 to 3 |
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3 steps for replication
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The strand is primed (by short piece of RNA). This short piece is synthesized by the enzyme "DNA primase"
Then the primers are replaced and DNA polymerase starts building a new strand right away The completed DNA is joined together by DNA ligase |
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Tolomerase
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They are enzymes that work to add telemores to the ends of DNA so not so much gets chopped off. They get shorter with each replication. Adds it to 3 prime end.
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How many human genes are there?
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There are 30,000 protein coding genes, and which means 1.5x10^8 protein coding genes.
means human genome contains 3x10^9 nt. |
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Transcription
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This is done by RNA polymerase which attaches to the Promoter. This is the place where transcription begins
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Operon
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Prokaryotes has it and it encodes one mRNA which often encodes several proteins. For eukaryotes,mRNA was modified before being translated.
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Gene
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DNA segment that is converted to RNA
tRNA, rRNA, siRNA, snRNA. |
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Reverse Genetics
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Gene in hand, and want to know what it does. So this can lead to gene therapy.
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DICER, RISC
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Dicer cleaves the long dsRNA to make siRNA and the RISC
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miRNA
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It is microRNA and it is naturally occuring siRNA which functions to change someone's genome in the person's life according to their lifestyle
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mRNA processing
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capping 5 (5to5 triphosphate) , splicing in the middle, and polyA 3
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DNAase/RNAase/protease
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It degrades whatever preceded -ase.
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Radioactive labeling
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Labeling things on proteins or DNA. So sulfur can get labeled on protein, and phosphate on DNA. To incorporate it in, grow the protein or DNA in a medium with it in there. The radioactivity can be followed through a bacteriaphage, electrophroesis, to seperate the materials.
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Reporter gene
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GEF is used as a florescent protein. it can be used to study splicing since splicing can contribute to proper protein. So if splicing doesn't work, no glow.
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Mutate and check
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mutate one of the consensus sequences and if it works, it's not needed, if it doesnt, it's needed. Mutate and see if it still works.
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Explain Shine Dalgamo box
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It's when AGGAGG which is 7 nucleotides away from AUG
Which is at prokaryotes |
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Kozak consensus
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AUG started at 5' cap
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Prokaryotic Translation Initiation
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The small ribosomal subunit binds to initiation sequence. Large ribosome binds to complex, and the initiation factors are released. the small is attached to 5'. Then the complex scans till it reaches AUG which matches with its anticodon which is UAC
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What are the tRNA binding sites
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P site and A site. The P site is the donor site, and the A site is the entry site, aminoacyl
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What is the start codon, stop codon?
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Start: AUG
Stop: UGA, UAG, UAA no tRNA for termination codons The stop codon is recognized by release factors which are proteins |
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What are the Release Factors 1 and 2
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1: UAA and UAG
2: UGA which are in prokaryotes eRF1 are in eukaryotes which recognize them all |
