Genetics

Front 1

Nucleotide

Back 1

nitrogenous base, pentose, phosphate group

Front 2

Adenine, Guanine

Back 2

Purines

Front 3

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Back 3

Pyrimidines

Front 4

Nucleoside

Back 4

Nitrogenous base, ribose/deoxyribose sugar

Front 5

A=?

Back 5

T

Front 6

C=?

Back 6

G

Front 7

Backbone of DNA strand

Back 7

Sugar-phosphate linked through phosphodiester bonds

Front 8

Nitrogenous bases connected by?

Back 8

H-bonds

Front 9

3 types of RNA

Back 9

Messenger, transfer, ribosome

Front 10

mRNA?

Back 10

Carries info as a sequence of codons for synthesis of proteins

Front 11

tRNA?

Back 11

Functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific a-acids and recognizing codons

Front 12

rRNA?

Back 12

Forms structure of ribosomes with proteins

Front 13

What links free nucleotides to form a new strand of DNA?

Back 13

DNA polymerase

Front 14

What end are the nucleotides added and why?

Back 14

3', has free OH group

Front 15

DNA pieces linked by what?

Back 15

DNA ligase

Front 16

Promoter

Back 16

Site where transcription begins

Front 17

Regulatory sequence

Back 17

Site binding to regulatory protein controls whether gene is turned on or off

Front 18

Transcribed region

Back 18

Region of DNA transcribed into RNA

Front 19

Terminator

Back 19

Sequence that causes RNA strand to be released from transcription complex

Front 20

Transcription

Back 20

DNA to RNA

Front 21

Promoter region has?

Back 21

TATA box

Front 22

Transcription ends at termination site with what?

Back 22

AAUAAA

Front 23

Transcripts are what?

Back 23

RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

Front 24

Where does transcription take place for pro and eu?

Back 24

Cytoplasm, nucleus

Front 25

Initiation of transcription for pro and eu?

Back 25

Single sigma factor, 5 general transcriptional factors

Front 26

Polymerase for pro and eu?

Back 26

Single, three types (II, I and III)

Front 27

Exon

Back 27

Coding portion of gene

Front 28

Intron

Back 28

Non-coding portion of gene

Front 29

RNA splicing

Back 29

Removal of introns and joining of exons in eu RNA, forming mRNA molecule with continuous coding sequence

Front 30

mRNA splicing occurs where?

Back 30

Spliceosome

Front 31

tRNAs and rRNAs self-splicing by?

Back 31

Ribozyme

Front 32

Biological functions of introns

Back 32

Produces different proteins, may contribute to genetic diversity/gene expression

Front 33

Capping

Back 33

7-methyguanosine attacked at 5'

Front 34

Tailing

Back 34

poly A tail added at 3'

Front 35

Flanking sequences

Back 35

Capping and tailing; could regulate stability of mRNA, facilitate export of mRNA, help ribosomes attach to 5'

Front 36

Start codon?

Back 36

ATG

Front 37

Translation takes place in pro and eu?

Back 37

Cytoplasm

Front 38

Translation requires?

Back 38

Amino acids, ATP, Enzymes and proteins, RNAs, ribosomes

Front 39

Constitutive genes?

Back 39

Always active

Front 40

Inducible genes?

Back 40

Only expressed when required

Front 41

Operon

Back 41

Genetic unit of transcription, consisting of several structual genes that are transcribed together

Front 42

Promoter

Back 42

Initial binding site for RNA polymerase (part of an operon)

Front 43

Operator

Back 43

Part of operon that acts as binding site for regulatory proteins

Front 44

Repressor

Back 44

Binds to operator to prevent transcription

Front 45

Activator

Back 45

Increases rate of transcription

Front 46

Eukaryotic promoter contains

Back 46

Transcriptional start site, TATA box, regulatory elements

Front 47

Enhancer

Back 47

Sequence of eukaryotic DNA that binds regulatory proteins that stimulates a specific promoter

Front 48

Silencer

Back 48

Sequence of eukaryotic DNA that binds regulatory proteins that inhibit transcription

Front 49

Regulatory elements located where?

Back 49

50-100 base pairs upstream from start site

Front 50

Initiation of gene transcription requires?

Back 50

RNA polymerase, general transcription factors (5 proteins), mediator

Front 51

Create more DNA?

Back 51

PCR - polymerase chain reaction