Genetics 2

Front 1

Why spend time researching bacteria?

Back 1

1. Short reproductive cycle
2. Can be studied in pure culture.

Front 2

A bacterium that can synthesize all essential organic compounds (amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, sugars, vitamins, fatty acids).

Back 2

Prototroph

ex: his+

Front 3

Cannot synthesize essential organic compounds

Back 3

Auxotroph

ex: his-

Front 4

A process by which genetic information from one bacterium is transferred to, and recombined with, another bacterium

Back 4

Conjugation

Front 5

This leads to the replacement of one or more genes present in one strain with those from a genetically distinct strain.

Back 5

Genetic Recombination of bacteria and bacteriophages.

Front 6

What do prototrophs need to synthesize essential organic compounds? (4)

Back 6

Carbon source
Energy source
Some vitamins
Inorganic salts

Front 7

What is a minimal medium?

Back 7

Inorganic salts

Front 8

Small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules

Back 8

Plasmid

Front 9

Genetic Recombination occurs by _______, _________ and _______.

Back 9

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

Front 10

Name three things Bacteria do NOT have

Back 10

1. No meiosis
2. No fusion of gametes
3. No complete diploid phase.

Front 11

T/F?
Auxotrophs can only grow if supplied with a compound that helps them overcome their deficiency.

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

A specialized plasmid with genes that promote conjugation.

Back 12

F factor

Front 13

Serve as donors of parts of their chromosomes

Back 13

F+ cells

Front 14

Recipient bacteria receive the donor chromosome material (now known to be DNA, and recombine it with part of their own chromosome known as ____.

Back 14

F- cells

Front 15

_______ cells have a F factor, a specialized plasmid with genes that promote conjugation.

Back 15

F+

Front 16

a.) What does conjugation need in order to occur?

b.) What does it result in?

Back 16

a.) F+ and F- cells
b.) 2 F+ cells

Front 17

Between which two cells does transfer of Bacterial genes during conjugation occur?

Back 17

Hfr and F- cells

Front 18

Hfr cells have F factor integrated in their ___________.

Back 18

Chromosome

Front 19

Initial stage of conjugation is mediated through a conjugation tube called a ________.

Back 19

F pilus (or sex-pilus)

Front 20

Which cells contain the F factor that confers the ability to donate party of their chromosome during conjugtion?

Back 20

F+ cells

Front 21

________ in bacterial mapping is equivalent to _____ in eukaryotes.

Back 21

Minutes
Map Units

Front 22

During conjugation between HFr and F- cells, the ______ of the F factor determines the initial point of transfer (steps 2&3)

Back 22

position

Front 23

Genes adjacent to "O" are transferred when?

Back 23

FIRST

Front 24

The F factor becomes the ____ part to be transferred. (Step 4)

Back 24

LAST

Front 25

Why do recipient cells remain F- when mated with HFr cells?

Back 25

Conjugation rarely (if ever) lasts long enough to allow the entire chromosome to pass across the conjugation tube. (step 5)

Front 26

The farther a gene is from the F factor, the _____ it takes for it to be transferred.

Back 26

Longer

Front 27

Cannot integrate into the host chromosome and exist only as extrachromosomal elements.

Back 27

Simple Plasmids

Front 28

Those that can integrate into the host chromosome and exist in 2 forms.

*What are the two forms?*

Back 28

Episomes

1. Extrachromosomal
2. Integrated

Front 29

The F factor is a _____ ______.

Back 29

Conjugative Episome

Front 30

Col-E1 is a _________.

Back 30

Non-conjugative simple plasmid.

Front 31

R plasmids are a ________.

Back 31

Conjugative simple plasmid

Front 32

R plasmids have genes (r-determinants) that provide resistance to _________.

Back 32

antibiotics

Front 33

Encodes genetic information essential to transfer of the plasmid between bacteria via conjugation.

Back 33

RTF

Front 34

Genes conferring resisting to antibiotics.

Back 34

r-determinants

Front 35

What is ColE1 derived from?

Back 35

E. coli

Front 36

Which plasmid has a gene for toxin that kills neighboring cells

Back 36

ColE1

Front 37

Which plasmid has a gene for protein that detoxifies toxin (to protect itself)?

Back 37

ColE1

Front 38

This was the original plasmid adopted by genetic engineers for use as a cloning device.

Back 38

ColE1

Front 39

In _______, small pieces of extracellular DNA are taken up by a living bacterium, ultimately leading to a stable genetic change in the recipient gene.

Back 39

Transformation

Front 40

An HFr cell has ______....

Back 40

An F factor that is integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

Front 41

Recombination between unlinked genes is ___%

Back 41

50%

Front 42

A bacterial cell that has a bacteriophage integrated into is genome.

Back 42

Lysogenic

Front 43

Generalized transduction occurs due to mistakes made during ______.

Back 43

Phage assembly

Front 44

Viruses that have bacteria as their hosts.

Back 44

Bacteriophages or Phages

Front 45

Conjugation of Bacteriophages is between two ________.

Back 45

Living bacterial cells

Front 46

Transformation of Phages is between _______ and ________.

Back 46

1 living cell + DNA from dead cell.

Front 47

Genes are transferred between bacterial cells by _____ ______.

Back 47

Bacterial viruses.

Front 48

In bacteriophage T4, 3600 A= ____.

Back 48

.00036mm

Front 49

Bacterium is _______.

Phage is ________.

Back 49

A.) Lysogenic

B.) Prophage

Front 50

Viruses that can either lyse the cell OR behave as a prophage are called _________.

Back 50

Temperate

Front 51

Viruses that can only lyse.

Back 51

Virulent

Front 52

Viral DNA is a _____.

Back 52

Episome

Front 53

A mistake made during phage assembly is _____ Transduction.

Back 53

Generalized (Lytic pathway)

Front 54

A mistake made during prophage exision is _______ Transduction.

Back 54

Specialized (Lysogenic pathway)

Front 55

Results in lysis of bacterial cell.

Back 55

Lytic Pathway

Front 56

Only genes transferred by specialized transduction are those near ____ site.

Back 56

att