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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the exceptions to the rule that the genetic code is nearly universal
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mitochondria
protozoans |
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what does the wobble hypothesis say
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first 2 ribonucleotides are more important than the 3rd
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what is major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription/translation
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they are separated temporally and spatially in eukaryotes
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how do 5` cap and PolyA tail aid in translation
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form circular structure of mRNA during translation
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what do PolyA Binding Proteins (PABPs) do
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dictate mRNA translation levels
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which RNA is most abundant
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rRNA
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what are the 2 primary functions of ribosomes
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-decode mRNA
-peptide bonds |
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what forms the peptide bonds between amino acid during translation
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peptidyl transferase
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which site on the ribosome is attached to the growing polypeptide
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P-site
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before peptide bond is formed between P-site and A-site, what must occur
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bond between tRNA and its amino acid in P-site must be cleaved
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what is the charge on tRNA after its amino acid is bonded to amino acid in the A-site
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neutral (no) charge
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what is responsible for bonding tRNA to its amino acid
-how many exist |
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
-20, one for each amino acid (they are specific) (also, this gives tRNA its charge) |
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where does the amino acid bind to the tRNA
-what shape does tRNA have |
3` end
-cloverleaf shape (contains loops) |
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between which 2 sites does the peptide bond in translation occur
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between amino acids in P and A-site
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when is termination signaled
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stop codon reaches the A-site
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what stage does GPT-dependent release factor act in
-what does it do |
termination
-cleaves polypeptide bond from tRNA and releases protein from translation complex |
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what direction is the primary structure of protein read
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N to C terminus
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what is the secondary structure of a protein
-what is it stabilized by |
initial folding of protein
-hydrogen bonds |
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what is the tertiary structure of protein
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3D folding
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what are domains in tertiary folding
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compact units connected by a flexible segment of polypeptide
-contributes to specific function of protein |
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what is the quarternary structure of a protein
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multiple proteins come together
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what are 2 post-translational modifications of proteins
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-protect against degradation
-make protein more hydrophobic or hydrophilic |
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what did George Beadle and Edward Tatum discover
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one gene - one enzyme/polypeptide
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what were used as test subjects by Beadle and Tatum
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Neurospora and Drosophila
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describe procedure of how Beadle and Tatum came to their conclusion
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Mutated Neurospora using X-ray and grew them minimal media. They identified a mutant that did not grow, and found that that mutant did not process a single enzyme. This showed that one gene (mutation) codes for a single enzyme/polypeptide
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