Genetic Recombination

Front 1

DEFINE GENETIC RECOMBINATION

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THE CREATION OF A NOVEL GENOME BY COMBINING DNA FROM DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS

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HOW DOES GENETIC RECOMBINATION OCCUR IN EUCARYOTES

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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EUCARYOTIC CELLS ARE DIPLOID...DEFINE DIPLOID

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TWO COPIES OF EVERY GENE IN THE GENOME

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HOW DOES GENETIC RECOMBINATION OCCUR IN PROCARYOTES

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NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION...INSTEAD THEY HAVE ONE WAY TRANSFER OF DNA FROM DONOR CELL TO RECPIENT CELL

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WHAT ARE THE (3) MECHANISMS OF ONE WAY TRANSFER

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---CONJUGATION
---TRANSFORMATION
---TRANSDUCTION

Front 6

DEFINE CONJUGATION

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ONE WAY TRANSFER OF DNA BETWEEN TWO INDIVIDUALS IN TEMPORARY PHYSICAL CONTACT VIA THE SEX PILUS

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WHAT WAS THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF CONJUGATION

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1946= LEDBERGS AND TATUM EXPERIMENT

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WHAT DID LEDBERGS AND TATUMS EXPERIMENT DO

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MIXED TWO DIFFERENT AUXOTROPHS IN THE SAME CULTURE

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WHAT DID LEDENBURGS AND TATUMS EXPERIMENT PRODUCE

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PROTOTROPHS

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DEFINE TRANSFORMATION

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UPTAKE OF NAKED DNA BY A COMPETENT CELL ( FREE FLOATING DNA IN THE SYSTEM)

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DEFINE NAKED DNA

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DNA RELEASED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT FROM DEAD CELLS.

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IN TRANSFORMATION,,,,HOW IS DNA TAKEN IN

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THROUGH A MODIFIED PILUS USED SIMILARLY TO A VACUM

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IN TRANSFORMATION...WHAT PAHSE DO CELLS USUALLY BECOME COMPETENT ( ABLE TO RECEIVE DNA)

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DURING THE EXPONENTIAL PHASE 1/1000 CELLS

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1ST EVIDENCE OF TRANSFORMATION

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1928 GRIFFITH

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WHAT WAS GRIFFITHS EXPERIMENT

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GRIFFITH INJECTED MICE WITH 3 DIFFERENT FORMS OF STREPTOCOCCOS PNEUMONIA

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WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF GRIFFITHS EXPERIMENT

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WITH A CAPSULE----MICE DIED
W/OUT A CAPSULE---MICE LIVED
W/CAPSULE,HEAT KILLED MOUSE LIVED
MIXTURE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA W/OUT A CAPSULE PLUS HEAT KILLED W/CAPSULE----MOUSE DIES

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DEFINE TRANSDUCTION

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ONE WAY TRANSFER OF DNA FROM DONOR TO RECIPIENT VIA A VIRUS CALLED A BACTERIOPHAGE

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DEFINE STERILIZATION

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A PROCESS THAT REMOVES AND DESTROYS ALL LIVING CELLS ( BACTERIA, FUNGI, ALGAE, AND PROTOZOANS), ENDOSPORES AND VIRUSES

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WHAT IS THE GREATEST LEVEL OF CLEAN

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STERILIZATION

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DEFINE DISINFECTION

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A PROCESS THAT REMOVES OR DESTROYS ALL PATHOGENIC ( DISEASE CAUSING) MICROBES

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WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH DISINFECTION

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YOU STILL HAVE NON-PATHOGENS, ENDOSPORES

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DEFINE SANITIZATION

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A PROCESS THAT REDUCES MICROBIAL NUMBERS TO A LEVEL CONSIDERED "SAFE" BY PUBLIC HEALTH STANDARDS ( RESTAURANT RATINGS)

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DEFINE ANTISEPSIS

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A PROCESS THAT REMOVES OR DESTROYS ALL PATHOGENIC MICROBES, DESIGNED TO BE USED ON LIVING TISSUES ( MUST NOT CAUSE DAMAGE TO LIVING TISSUES-NOT AS STRONG AS DISINFECTANTS)

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WHEN DISCUSSING ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS,,,DEFINE NARROW SPECTRUM

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THE AGENT TARGETS ONE GROUP OF MICROBES

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GIVE (1) EXAMPLE OF NARROW SPECTRUM

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BACTERIOCIDE

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WHEN DISCUSSING ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS,,,DEFINE BROAD SPECTRUM

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THE AGENT TARGETS MULTIPLE GROUPS OF MICROBES

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GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF BROAD SPECTRUM

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GERMICIDE IS AN EXAMPLE OF BROAD SPECTRUM

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WHEN DISCUSSING ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS,,,DEFINE THE (2) CLASSIFICATIONS OF "STRENGTH OF ACTION"

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CIDAL
STATIC

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DEFINE CIDAL

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THE AGENT WILL KILL TARGET MICROBES

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DEFINE STATIC

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THE AGENT WILL INHIBIT GROWTH OF THE TARGET MICROBES

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GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF STATIC

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FUNGICIDE VS GERMISTATIC

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LIST THE (7) FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

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---DURATION OF EXPOSURE
---PRESENCE OF ORGANIC DEBRIS
---ROUGHNESS OF SURFACE TO BE CLEANED
---CONCENTRATION OF AGENT
---TEMPERATURE
---POPULATION SIZE
POPULATION COMPOSITION

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DEFINE DURATION OF EXPOSURE

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IN GENERAL, AN INCREASE IN EXPOSURE TIME = AN INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY

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GIVE (4) EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC DEBRIS

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BLOOD, FECES, FOOD, TISSUE

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DEFINE ORGANIC DEBRIS ( AS FAR AS EFFICIENCY)

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IN GENERAL, MORE DEBRIS = LESS EFFICIENCY

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WHEN DISCUSSING ORGANIC DEBRIS,,,WHAT DOES THE DEBRIS ACT AS

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THE DEBRIS ACTS AS A SHIELD TO PROTECT THE MICROBES FROM THE AGENT

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DEFINE ROUGHNESS OF SURFACE (AS FAR AS EFFICIENCY)

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IN GENERAL, A ROUGHER SURFACE = LESS EFFICIENCY

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WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH A "ROUGH SURFACE"

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MICROBES MAY HIDE IN THE CRACKS OF A ROUGH SURFACE,,,THE AGENT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO REACH THEM

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WHAT IS BETTER FOR ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS...HIGH SURFACE TENSON OR LOW SURFACE TENSION

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LOW SURFACE TENSION IS BETTER FOR ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

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DEFINE CONCENTRATION OF AGENT (AS FAR AS EFFICIENCY)

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IN GENERAL, HIGH [ ] OF AGENT = HIGH EFFICIENCY,,,BUT SATURABLE

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DEFINE TEMPERATURE ( EFFICIENCY)

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IN GENERAL, HIGH TEMPERATURE = HIGH EFFICIENCY

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HOW DOES HEAT AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

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HEAT SPEEDS UP CHEMICAL RXN'S AND SPEEDS THE SPREAD OF THE AGENT ( INTERACTIONS WITH MICROBES)

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THE # OF MICROBES YOU'RE TRYING TO KILL WITH AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IS REFERRED TO AS

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POPULATION SIZE

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DEFINE POPULATION SIZE (AS FAR AS EFFICIENCY)

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THE HIGHER THE # OF MICROBES= LOWER EFFICIENCY

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DEFINE POPULATION COMPOSITION ( AS FAR AS EFFICIENCY)

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IN GENERAL, THE MORE MIXED THE POPULATION=THE LOWER THE EFFICIENCY

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DEFINE "MIXED"

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MULTIPLE MICROBIAL GROUPS---SOME SPECIES ARE MORE RESISTANT TO THE AGENT--IE ENDOSPORES ARE MORE RESISTANT

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WHEN DISCUSSING POPULATION COMPOSITION...WHICH ARE MORE RESISTANT,,,MATURE CELLS OR YOUNG CELLS

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MATURE CELLS ARE MORE RESISTANT TO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

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WHAT CAN BE CONSIDERED DEAD

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MICROBES DO NOT GROW WHEN PLACED IN CONDITIONS THAT USUALLY PROMOTE GROWTH

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HOW CAN YOU TEST FOR "DEAD"

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USE THE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
SWAB
TRANSFER TO NUTRIENT AGAR
INCUBATE 24-48 HRS
CK FOR GROWTH
NO GROWTH = DEAD

Front 50

WHAT IS THE MOST POPULAR PHYSICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT

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HEAT IS THE MOST POPULAR PHYSICAL AGENT

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DEFINE "BOILING IN WATER" AS A PHYSICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT

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BOILING IN WATER FOR 10 MINUTES KILLS MOST PATHOGENS, BUT NOT ALL MICROBES OR ENDOSPORES

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DEFINE "AUTOCLAVE" AS A PHYSICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT

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USES A COMBINATION OF HEAT AND PRESSURE TO STERILIZE

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WHAT TEMP AND PRESSURE DOES AN AUTOCLAVE FUNCTION

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121 DEGREES C, 15 psi

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WHAT IS AUTOCLAVE TAPE

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IF CORRECT TEMP IS MET,,,LINES APPEAR BLACK ON TAPE,,THIS INDICATES THAT IT'S STERILE

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IF YOU DIDN'T HAVE AUTOCLAVE TAPE, WHAT IS AN ALTERNATIVE

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YOU COULD INCUBATE, AND CHECK FOR GROWTH

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DEFINE "FUNCTIONAL STEAM STERILIZATION" AS A PHYSICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT

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A THREE DAY PROCEDURE.....
DAY 1..HEAT 90-100 DEG. C FOR 30 MIN ( WOULDN'T KILL ENDOSPORES)INCUBATE AT 37 DEG. C FOR 24 HOURS
DAY 2.. HEAT 90-100 DEG C FOR 30 MIN...INCUBATE AT 37 DEG C FOR 24 HRS
DAY 3.. HEAT 90-100 DEG C FOR 30 MIN