Genes And Enviro Final

Front 1

What drives evolution?

Back 1

Natural Selection

Front 2

What is the fundamental difference between evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics?

Back 2

Evolutionary psychology seeks to understand adaptive value of universal aspects of human behavior, behavioral genetics wants to understand individual differences in human behavior.

Front 3

What are limitations to evolutionary psychology

Back 3

Posthoc, relies on comparisons across species.

Front 4

Eugenics

Back 4

Science that seeks to promote genetic/biological improvement of human society by dictating who can and cannot mate.

Front 5

What did Heston and Denney's adoption study on kids with Sz mothers tell us?

Back 5

Sz is genetically based.

Front 6

Adoption study: Transracial adoption study on IQ

Back 6

Black children raised in culture of the test performed similar to the biological children of adoptive parents.

Front 7

Adoption Study on Human Fatness

Back 7

Adoptee daughter correlates strongly to biological mother and not to adoptive mother.

Front 8

Adoption Study Designs

Back 8

1. Start with target behavior in parents and then study outcomes in adoptees.
2. Start with target behavior in adoptee and study both parents
3. Correlations between adoptive child and biological child.

Front 9

Limitations to adoption studies

Back 9

1. Feasibility-closed records, etc.
2. Representativeness- bio parents usually lower on SES, adoptive parents usually higher on SES
3. Selective placement- match bio and adoptive parents on measures
4. Prenatal enviro- dictated by bio parent.

Front 10

Zygosity Determination Methods

Back 10

1. Physical similarity
2. Questionnaire method
3. Genetic testing

Front 11

Limitations to Twin Studies

Back 11

Twins are complicated. Prenatal complications.

Front 12

Equal Environment Assumption

Back 12

Mzs and Dzs have etiologically relevant similar environments.

Front 13

Ways of testing the EEA

Back 13

1. Physical similarity should correlate with similar treatment- Not true
2. Degree of similar childhood enviro should increase similar enviro- not true
3. Mzs treated more similarly than Dz- not true
4. Misdiag Dz should behave more similarly- not true.

Front 14

Heritability

Back 14

the proportion of variance that can be attributed to genetic effects

Front 15

Calculations: A

Back 15

2(rMZ-rDZ)

Front 16

Calculating C

Back 16

2rDZ-rMZ

Front 17

Advances with model fitting in twin studies

Back 17

more questions can be addressed, statistically specify hypothesis, confidence intervals

Front 18

Sibling Interaction Effects

Back 18

Does the effects of one sibling affect the behavior of the other sibling.

Front 19

Offspring of twins design, describe it.

Back 19

Look at rates of disease in offspring of disconcordant DZ and MZ.

Front 20

Linkage Mapping

Back 20

1. Collect families who are affected
2. Test markers evenly spaced on genome
3. Calculate Lod score- odds of seeing a marker if marker is linked to disease.

Front 21

Parametric Linkage Analysis-Problems

Back 21

Modes of inheritence, disease allele frequency, need Mendelian disorders

Front 22

Difficulties with Complex Disorders

Back 22

1. Many genes of small effects
2. Genetic heterogeneity
3. Epistasis
4. GE Interaction
5. Phenotype definition

Front 23

Endophenotypes

Back 23

Phenotypes intermediary to the disease outcome that may be more directly affected by the genotype

Front 24

Nonparametric Linkage Analysis

Back 24

Makes no assumption about mode of inheritance or number of genes. Based on allele sharing.

Front 25

Advantages/Disadvantages to Linkage Analysis

Back 25

Advantages
1. Systematically scan the genome
Disadvantages
1. Not very powerful
2. Need 100s or 1000s of family members

Front 26

Increase power of linkage anaylsis

Back 26

1. Use qualitative trais
2. Extremely concordant or discordant twin pairs
3. Endophenotypes

Front 27

COGA strategy

Back 27

1. Ascertain multiplex alcoholic families.
2. Use linkage analysis to ID chromo regions
3. Use association analysis to narrow region.

Front 28

Case-control Association Analysis Pro/Con

Back 28

Compare affected ind w/ not affected.

Pro:
1. powerful
Con:
1. subject to population stratification

Front 29

Family-based association analysis: Pro/Con and methods

Back 29

Pro:
1. pop strat not a problem
Con:
1. Not as powerful

Methods:
Transmission Disequilibrium Test- looking for overtransmission of an allele.

Front 30

Inbred Strains (in mice)and Logic

Back 30

breed offspring together until you get very similar individuals.

1. w/i strain comparisons- enviro diff.
2. btw strain comparisons- genetic diff.

Front 31

Selective Breeding

Back 31

1. Measure phenotype of interest.
2. Mate high w/ high, low w/ low

Front 32

Synteny

Back 32

portions of dna in mouse are same as in humans

Front 33

Random Mutagenesis

Back 33

Expose mouse to chemical and then mate with normal female. Screen for effects.

Front 34

Transgenic

Back 34

Insert foreign DNA into mouse DNA and observe effect.

Front 35

Knock out

Back 35

turn off a gene and see effects

Front 36

NPY Region in rats

Back 36

Potential stimulator of appetite.
Knockout- increased EtOh consumption and decreased sleep time.
Transgenic- decreased EtOH consumption and increased sleep time

Front 37

Microarray analysis

Back 37

compare gene products of two samples simultaneously

Front 38

Two-Group Hypothesis

Back 38

1. Organic- attributable to major traumatic event that causes irreversible damage
2. Cultural/Familial- small, life events that contribute to variation of IQ

Front 39

Differential-Loading Hypothesis

Back 39

1. Familial/cultural MR stems from many little factors.
2. Females are buffered against expression of factors
3. Affected females show greater loading.
4. Higher loading is transmitted at greater risk to offspring.

Front 40

IQ and genetics

Back 40

1. Genetic heritability is around 50%
2. Genetic factors become more important as age increases

Front 41

Why does H2 increase with age?

Back 41

1. New genes
2. Gene-enviro correlations

Front 42

IQ vs. SES

Back 42

A increases with increasing SES
C decreases with increasing SES

Front 43

Gene for Alzheimers

Back 43

APOE E4 is associated with 10x increased risk for alzheimers.

Front 44

Chromosome related to IQ (muscarinic receptors)

Back 44

Chr 2

Front 45

Which personality measure has a heirarchical factor structure?

Back 45

Multidimensional personality questionnaire

Front 46

What are the five factors measures in the five factor model?

Back 46

Openness to new things
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Front 47

What three items are measured on the Tridimensional personality questionnaire?

Back 47

Novelty Seeking
Reward Dependence
Harm avoidance

(Persistance)

Front 48

What seems to account for one's personality (A, C or E)

Back 48

A and E but not C

Front 49

About how heritable is personality?

Back 49

40-60%

Front 50

How does genetics/environment contribute to personality across time?

Back 50

Genetics contributes to stability whereas environment contributes to change.

Front 51

How is personality assessed in children?

Back 51

Measure temperament in children.

Front 52

Why do you get odd results in children?

Back 52

1. Parental report or laboratory observation in children.
2. Sample size- easier to collect samples in adults

Front 53

What personality types are associated with alcohol use?

Back 53

1. High novelty seeking
2. Low harm avoidance
3. Low or high award dependence

Front 54

What disorder is associated with the gene that affects neuroticism?

Back 54

Anxiety disorder.

Front 55

How does ASPD present itself in people w/ regard to sex?

Back 55

Higher rate in males but greater loading in females.

Front 56

How do genes effect display of ASPD?

Back 56

GE interaction- look at criminality of adoptive parents

Front 57

What is linked to the gene associated with conduct disorder?
What chromo?

Back 57

Alcohol dependence on chr 2

Front 58

Cloningers theory (DRD4)

Back 58

Long allels associated with less efficient binding of dopamine. These people are more NS to compensate for decreased dopamine binding.

Front 59

Causes of drinking initiation?

Back 59

Almost entirely environmental.

Front 60

Environmental influences on alcohol use.

Back 60

1. aspects of home enviro
2. aspects of school/community
3. gene-enviro interaction

Front 61

What environmental factor has the largest influence on alcohol use?

Back 61

Parental monitoring

Front 62

Neighborhood/sibling effects on alcohol use?

Back 62

If school mate says yes to drinking alcohol, percentage replying yes goes up.

Front 63

What are two examples of GE interaction in alcohol use?

Back 63

1. As religiousity increases, common environment becomes more important.
2. Decreased A/Increased C in married women

Front 64

Neighborhood variables that influence alcohol use.

Back 64

1. Young adults
2. Lots of migration
3. Regional alcohol sales

Front 65

Alcohol abuse vs. dependence

Back 65

Abuse:
characterized by trouble w/ law, etc
Dependence:
withdrawal effects

Front 66

Alcohol dependence as a fxn of age of onset.

Back 66

Increased alcoholism as age of onset becomes younger

Front 67

How heritable is alcoholism in males? females?

Back 67

both around 50%

Front 68

What forms of alcoholism are highly heritable?

Back 68

Type 2 and comorbid for drug abuse

Front 69

What is the criteria for an inherited mediator?

Back 69

1. Associated with but not consequence of alcoholism.
2. Trasmitted in families of alcoholics
3. Heritable

Front 70

Alcohol sensitivity- research?

Back 70

1. Reduced alcohol sensitivity in children of alcoholics as opposed to controls.
2. Longitudinal study where men who later developed alcoholism showed reduced sensitivity.

Front 71

Sensitivity: what are the risk factors?

Back 71

Attenuated response to the positive effects of alcohol.

Heightened response to the negative effects of alcohol.

Front 72

EEG patterns in alcoholics?

Back 72

1. Increased Beta levels in alcoholics.
2. Increased beta in offspring of alcoholics.

Front 73

Flushing response

Back 73

Ethnic group differences. Heart palpitations, facial redness.

Front 74

What is the pathway of alcohol metabolism?

Back 74

Alcohol--ADH-->Acetaldehyde--ALDH--> acetate

Front 75

What allele is associated with an inability to break down acetaldehyde?

Back 75

ALDH2*2

Front 76

What chromosome and gene is associated with alcoholism? What other disorders is this gene associated with?

Back 76

Chromosome 4, GABRA2.

GABRA2 also associated with CD, ASPD, and drug dependence.

Front 77

pleiotropy

Back 77

one gene has multiple effects on phenotypes

Front 78

achondroplasia

Back 78

AD, short stature, new mutation

Front 79

Marfan's syndrom

Back 79

AD, thin extremities

Front 80

Huntington's Disease

Back 80

AD, located on chromo 4, CAG repeats

Front 81

anticipation

Back 81

The effects of a genotype get more severe across generations

Front 82

phenylketonuria

Back 82

AR, mental retardation

Front 83

muscular dystrophy

Back 83

X linked recessive, muscle degredation

Front 84

hemophilia

Back 84

X linked, low levels of blood protein

Front 85

red-green colorblind

Back 85

X-linked recessive

Front 86

Lesch-Nyhan disease

Back 86

X-linked, self mutilation

Front 87

variable expressivity

Back 87

various phenotypes for a given genotype

Front 88

epistasis

Back 88

the effects of one gene are dependent on those of another

Front 89

polymorphisms

Back 89

regions of DNA that differ across people

Front 90

RFLP

Back 90

make cuts at certain 5 base pair sequences

Front 91

microsatellite repeat polymorphism

Back 91

replicate using PCR and then run on gel electrophoresis

Front 92

SNP

Back 92

run on computer chip

Front 93

Prader-willi syndrome

Back 93

paternal deletion on chromo 15, can't feel hunger satiation

Front 94

Angelman's syndrom

Back 94

maternal deletion on chromo 15,

Front 95

Klinefelter syndrome

Back 95

XXY, phenotypic male, sterile, small testes

Front 96

Turners syndrom

Back 96

45X, 47XXX
45X;46XX
phenotypic female, sexual immaturity

Front 97

fragil x MR

Back 97

CGG repeats on X chromo.

Front 98

What are the cross cultural rates of UP and BP?

Back 98

The rates fluctuate for UP but not for BP.

Front 99

What is the evidence in support for common etiology of BP and UP?

Back 99

1. Relatives of BP are at an increased risk for UP
2. BP MZ twins discordant for polarity

Front 100

What is the evidence against common etiology of BP and UP?

Back 100

1. Differential heritability
2. No cross-family transmission
3. UP MZ twins cordant for polarity.

Front 101

Is there a sex difference in heritability for UP?

Back 101

NO!

Front 102

What evidence is there for the serotonin (5-HT) system being involved in UP?

Back 102

1. Drugs that target serotonin reuptake system treat UP
2. Short allele (5-HTTT) is associated with increased rate of depression in face of adversity.

Front 103

What are the gene ID findings for BP?

Back 103

1. Multiple rather than single gene
2. X-linked hypothesis- decreased fatehr son transmission.

Front 104

positive symptoms of schizo.

Back 104

failure to have normal thoughts,
delusions, hallucinations

Front 105

negative symptoms of schizo

Back 105

inappropriate affect, detioration of social behavior

Front 106

age of onset in males females in Sz?

Back 106

age of onset in males is earlier but have same rates of effect

Front 107

What did the danish adoption study on schizo find?

Back 107

children of sz bio parents had higher rates of sz.

Front 108

What is the multifactorial threshold model?

Back 108

There is a quantitative continuum (liability). If someone meets threshold value, they are affected.

Front 109

What is the diathesis stress model?

Back 109

If there is a diathesis (genetic predisposition) then stress can trigger the onset of schizo

Front 110

What evidence is there for schizotypal disorder being related to schizo?

Back 110

Family studies, twin studies and adoption studies

Front 111

What endophenotype can be used to study schizophrenia?

Back 111

Sensory gating. Szs have problem filtering out irrelevant information.

Front 112

How is sensory gating in relatives of Sz

Back 112

They show reduced sensory gating.

Front 113

How do Szs and bipolars differ in sensory gating

Back 113

Szs exhibit through all phases where as BP only exhibit in manic phase.

Front 114

What chromos have been linked to Sz

Back 114

6, 8 and 22.

Front 115

What proteins are associated w/ Sz

Back 115

Chromo 6- dysbindin
Chromo 8- Neuregulin
Chromo 22- COMT gene

Front 116

What disease is thought to stem from the same gene area as Sz?

Back 116

Velo-cardiofacial syndrome.
Deletion causing developmental disorder, cardio abnorm. and schizophrenia. On chromo 22.

Front 117

Evidence against shared enviro influences in Sz.

Back 117

1. Majority of Szs do not have Sz sibs
2. Adoptees do not have increased risk if adoptive parent is Sz
3. Dz correlation is less than 1/2 Mz.
4. Offspring studies of discordant Sz twins.

Front 118

Nonshared enviro influences on Schizo

Back 118

1. Birth complications
2. Drug use
3. Life events