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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The four critical use vaccines in the bovine are:
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IBR/PI3
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Clostridium Leptospirosis |
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Four types of IBR vaccine choices in bovine
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MLV parenteral
MLV IN Chemically altered Killed |
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Which groups of bovines need to be vaccinated for Leptospira?
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Cows
Breeding age heifers Bulls |
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List some optional bovine vaccines.
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BRSV
Pasteurella multocida Manheimia haemolytica Haemophilus somnus Leptospira hardjo bovis |
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Prebreeding protocol for pregnant cows
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Killed IBR
Killed BVD Lepto (twice yearly) E. coli K99? |
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Prebreeding vaccinations for open cows
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MLV IBR
MLV BVD Lepto (twice yearly) K99 E coli? |
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Prebreeding vaccinations for bulls
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MLV IBR
MLV BVD Lepto (twice yearly) |
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Prebreeding vaccinations for yearling heifers
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MLV IBR
MLV BVD Leptospira (twice yearly) Haemophilus? |
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What vaccinations do pregnant cows and heifers need at the time of the pregnancy check?
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Leptospira
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Precalving vaccinations for cows.
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E. coli booster
Clostridium? |
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Precalving vaccinations for two year old heifers.
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E. coli (2 doses)
7-way clostridium (2 doses) |
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Describe protocol for calf vacciantion through weaning.
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7-way clostridium at 3-4 months of age
Preweaning: IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV |
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This type of vaccine produces a high immune response rapidly after a single dose
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Modified live vaccine
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This type of vaccine produces a lower immune response after an initial and a booster vaccine in series.
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Killed vaccine
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In what two groups is a modified live vaccine contraindicated in the bovine?
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Non-vaccinated pregnant cows
Stressed cattle |
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List two benefits of a modified live vaccine.
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Effective
Economical |
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Stocker calves that have been fully preconditioned (weaned and vaccinated) at home fall into category
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I
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Naive stocker calves that are fresh from the same farm fall into category...
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II
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Naive stocker cows that are fresh from a sale barn fall into category...
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III
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Stale stocker calves from a variety of sources fall collectively into category...
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IV
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How soon before parturition should prepartum vaccinations be given in the multiparous dam? In the primiparous dam?
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3-4 weeks prepartum (multiparous) to initiate clostral immunity
For 1st parturition, vaccinate twice at 3 and 6 weeks prepartum |
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How soon before an anticipated exposure should a vaccine be administered?
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3 weeks
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What interval of time should pass between an initial and booster vaccine?
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2-3 weeks
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What is Apnea? What is it caused by?
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-ventilation to the lungs stopped for short periods
-brain can't regulate respiration |
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Causes hemorrhagic enteritis in small ruminants.
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Clostridium perfringens C and D
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Presence of this species increases the risk of tetanus for sheep and goats
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Horses
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This virus predisposes kids and lambs to pneumonia.
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Parainfluenza 3
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What vaccine should kids and lambs be given before weaning, and at what interval?
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Clostridium perfringens C and D
2 weeks before weaning and then at time of/shortly after weaning |
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Goal of prebreeding vaccinations in small ruminant
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Prevent abortion
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What vaccinations should does and ewes recieve before breeding, and at what interval?
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Chlamydiophila fetus fetus and jejuni
Chamydiophila abortus (60 and 30 days preseason) Leptospirosis Give 30 days before breeding starts, then 60-90 days later |
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What vaccinations should rams and bucks recieve before breeding?
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CD and T boosters
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When should sheep and goats be dewormed?
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Based on FAMACHA score, may need to prior to breeding
Do deworm prior to grazing season and at time of prepartum vaccinations due to periparturient egg rise |
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List restrictions on albendazole for deworming small ruminants
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Don't use 30 days before or 30 days after breeding
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What is an Embolism?
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plaque or thrombus freed/moves to another part of body
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These compunds are used to get rid of lice on small ruminants.
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Permethrins
Coumaphos Carbaryl Ectiban |
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This is used to get rid of mites on small ruminants
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Amitraz
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When are lice a problem in small ruminants?
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Fall and winter
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List the three critical times to vaccinate swine.
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At birth
During gestation Times of stress: Weaning, feed, movement |
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How soon before farrowing should sows be vaccinated?
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2-3 weeks
(3 and 6 weeks if primiparous) |
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List the prefarrowing vaccines for sows.
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Erysipelas
Atrophic Rhinitis -Bordetella and Pasteurella E. coli Clostridius perfringens C |
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Which preweaning vaccines are given to piglets, and when?
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Mycoplasma: 1st week of life
Atrophic rhinitis and Erysipelas: 1 week preweaning and 2 weeks after (But not until 4 weeks of age) |
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How soon before breeding should sows be vaccinated? Gilts?
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Sows 2-3 weeks prebreeding
Gilts: 6 weeks and 3 weeks prior to breeding |
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Which vaccinations should be given to sows and gilts prebreeding?
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Leptospirosis
Parvovirus |
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Vaccinations commonly given pot bellied pigs.
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Atrophic rhinitis and Erysipelas
Lepto and parvo if bred Rabies off-label? |
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When should breeding sows be dewormed?
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Prior to farrowing (early if environment is contaminated). Also bathe sow pre-farrowing.
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When should replacement gilts be dewormed?
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Time of breeding
Every 6 weeks if contaminated environment |
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When should young pigs be dewormed?
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Check when pigs go to nursery
Deworm at 50-70 lbs Deworm at 100-110 lbs Deworm at 150 lbs if contaminated environment |
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When should boars be dewormed?
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Twice a year if confined
Every three months if contaminated environment |
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How are swine anthelmintics delivered?
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In the feed
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Best swine dewormer in that it gets all of the important worms
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Fenbendazole
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How much time should pass between the first and 2nd lice treatment in pigs?
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7-10 days to get eggs not killed 1st time
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When should breeding sows be treated for lice?
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Before farrowing
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When should young pigs be treated for lice?
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Prior to entry into nursery if sows not treated
50-70 lbs Growers and finishers as needed |
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When should boars be treated for lice?
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Twice yearly
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List three swine lice treatments,
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Fenvalerate
Permethrin Ivermectin |
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How often should horses be vaccinated for WEE/EEE? At what time of year?
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Annually (2X yearly if heavy mosquito burden)
Vaccinate in the spring |
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How often should horses be vaccinated against rabies?
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Annually
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How often should horses be vaccinated against West Nile Virus? During what time of the year?
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Annually, in the spring
2X yearly if heavy mosquito burden) |
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List the four core equine vaccines.
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EEE/WEE
Tetanus Rabies West Nile Virus |
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Horses should be vaccinated in the spring against what group of diseases?
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Mosquito-borne
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Why is it best to vaccinate horses for tetanus and rabies in the fall?
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Because they are vaccianted against WEE/EEE and WNV in the spring-- spreads out the antigenic challenge to reduce adverse reactions.
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How often should horses be vaccinated for tetanus?
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Annually
As needed when cut |
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List some vaccinatons unique to the traveling horse (not including the core vaccines).
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Influenza/Rhinopneumonitis 2X yearly or more
PHF- 2X yearly (April and August) Strep. equi (1X or 2X yearly) |
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PHF vaccination is advisable in a backyard horse if...
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The horse has access to a natural water source
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What vaccinations should a non-pregnant broodmare receive?
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EWT- 1x or 2x yearly
Influenza/Rhino 2x yearly Rabies 1x yearly WNV 1x yearly (+/- PHF, roavirus, botulism, EVA) |
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How long before breeding should a susceptible mare be vaccinated for EVA? Why would she be need to be vaccinated?
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3 weeks prior to breeding to an infected stallion
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When should a pregnant mare NOT be vaccinated?
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1st 90 days of gestation
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When should a broodmare be vaccinated for EWT, rabies, and WNV if she is to be bred?
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Before breeding season
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When should a mare be vaccinated against EWT, influenza, anf WNV to boost colostral immunity to the foal?
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1 month prior to parturition
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When should a pregnant mare be vaccinated against EHV-1? Why?
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5, 7, and 9 months gestation to prevent abortion
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What hormone causes depression?
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low levels of Norepinephrine
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If a pregnant mare is to be vaccinated for rotavirus, when should this take place?
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8,9, and 10 months gestation annually
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At what age should foal vaccination begin?
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4-6 months
(Influenza 6-9 months) |
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List four causes of vaccine failure.
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Too close to exposure
Overwhelming exposure Vaccinate stressed animal Product no good (storage or expiration date) Vaccine only partially protective |
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How should horse vaccines be handled when using a multi-dose vial?
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Leave one needle in vial to draw up all vaccines, and place clean, dry needle on syringes.
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Why should horses be vaccinated with a dry haircoat and with a dry needle?
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Moisture runs the risk of introducing contaminants and causing a vaccine abcess.
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Parasite that is problematic in foals and the immunocompromised. Cause GI and respiratory problems.
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Ascarids
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Why are organophosphates and piperazine contraindicated in foals with heavy ascarid infections?
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Rapid kill may cause impaction
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These drugs kill Gastrophilus bots.
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Ivermectin
Moxidectin Organophosphates |
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When should horses be dewormed for bots?
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After a killing frost in the fall
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These two drugs kill encysted small strongyles.
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Moxidectin
Fenbendazole x 5 days |
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Adverse effect of deworming a horse with a heavy encysted small strongyle burden.
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Damage intestine when the strongyles come out of cysts, causing diarrhea and colic
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Three drugs that kill equine tapeworms.
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Pyrantel tartrate (Strongid C)
Pyrantel pamoate (Strongic P) Praziquantel |
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Parasite associated with foal heat diarrhea.
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Strongyloides westerni
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Prepatent period and transmission of Strongyloides westerni.
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5-7 days, spread in milk from mare to foal
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Parasite seen in horses that graze with donkeys.
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Dictyocaulus arnfeldi, the equine lungworm
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Parasite that is seen in both horses and ruminants. Concern when the species are rotated on a pasture.
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Trichostrongylus axei
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List some non-chemical ways to decrease equine parasite burden
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REMOVE MANURE
Feed above ground Compost manure 1 year before spreading Harrow pastures in hot, dry weather to dessicate eggs Quarantine new horses Decrease pasture stocking rate Deworm all horses together |
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Parasite life stage killed by pyrantel tartrate daily treatment.
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Adults
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Fecal egg counts should be reduced by how much within 7-10 days if an anthelmintic is effective?
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80-90%
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Describe the groups of dogs most at risk of a vaccine reaction
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Small dogs
Young dogs Neutered males Multiple antigens |
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List some vaccine associated reactions seen in dogs
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Lethergy, vomiting, urticaria, allergic reactions, non-specific events
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True or false: Hyperthermia may interfere with vaccine effectiveness.
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True
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What should be listed on a medical document regarding vaccination
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Date
Person giving vaccine Vaccine name/lot number, expiration date, manufacturer Site and route |
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The core canine vaccines
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Rabies
Distemper Adenovirus-2 Canine parvovirus |
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Adverse effect of deworming a horse with a heavy encysted small strongyle burden.
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Damage intestine when the strongyles come out of cysts, causing diarrhea and colic
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Three drugs that kill equine tapeworms.
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Pyrantel tartrate (Strongid C)
Pyrantel pamoate (Strongic P) Praziquantel |
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Parasite associated with foal heat diarrhea.
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Strongyloides westerni
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Prepatent period and transmission of Strongyloides westerni.
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5-7 days, spread in milk from mare to foal
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Parasite seen in horses that graze with donkeys.
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Dictyocaulus arnfeldi, the equine lungworm
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List some noncore canine vaccines.
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Lyme
Bordetella bronchiseptica Canine parainfluenza H3N8 Leptospirosis |
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These three canine vaccines are not recommended/
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Canine coronavirus
CAV-1 Giardia lamblia |
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The four core vaccines for felines
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Rabies
Rhinotracheitis Calicivirus Panleukopenia |
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List some non-core feline vaccines.
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
Chlamydia psittaci Feline Leukemia FIV |
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These vaccines are not recommended in cats.
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FIP
Giardia |
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For how long before CS may a dog shed rabies?
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1-5 days (sometimes as long as 13 days)
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Is rabies vaccine killed or modified-live?
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Killed
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At what minimum age should puppies and kittens be vaccinated for rabies?
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12 weeks or older
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How frequently should rabies vaccine be boosted?
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One year after 1st shot
Then every 3 years |
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Where is the standard site for feline rabies vaccination?
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SQ in the distal right limb
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If a vaccinated dog is exposed to a rabid animal, what should be done?
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Revaccinate and confine 45 days at home.
Report to authorities |
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If an unvaccinated dog is exposed to a possibly rabid animal, what should be done?
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Destroy immediately
OR Strict QT for 6 months with minimal contact Vaccinate 1 month before release |
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What are some complications associated with the rabies vaccine?
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IM injection goes into sciatic nerve
FIbrosarcomas at site in cats Adjuvant reaction |
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How long does a dog infected with distemper shed the virus before CS?
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1-2 weeks
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For how long may a dog infected with distemper be infectious?
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90 days
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Best protection against canine distemper is with this kind of vaccine.
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MLV
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When should a puppy first be vaccinated for distemper? For how long afterwards?
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7-8 weeks, every 3-4 weeks until over 14-16 weeks
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How many distemper vaccines should be given after 12 weeks to privide immunity for a year?
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2
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In the naive adult dog being immunized against distemper, what is the protocol?
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2 vaccinations 3-4 weeks apart
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List some complications seen with the canine distemper vaccine.
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MLV--> encephalomyelitis in puppies under 6 weeks
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia HOD in Weinmaraners associated with vaccine |
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This vaccine provides cross protection against CAV-1.
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CAV-2
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How is canine parvovirus killed?
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Clorox 1:30, 1% formalin, UV light
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Animals recovering from parvovirus are contagious for how long?
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30 days
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How long does it take for the MLV parvovirus vaccine to induce immunity?
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3-4 days
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Puppies should not be given Leptospira vaccine before...
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9 weeks
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How early may a dog be vaccinated against Bordetella?
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6-8 weeks
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For how long can a kitten shed panleukopenia virus after recovery?
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1 week
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Hos long does it take for the panleukopenia MLV to protect a kitten? What about the killed virus?
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MLV: 24-48h
Killed: 3-7 days |
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How would you recommend vaccinating kittens under 4 weeks, pregnant queens, or febrile cats?
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Inactivated killed virus or homologous immune serum
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In kittens deprived of colostrum, how should they be protected against panleukopenia?
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Vaccinate at 7-10 days of age with inactivated vaccine
Repeat 2-3 weeks later Or one MLV vaccine at 4 weeks with optional repeat 2-3 weeks later |
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When should a panleukopenia booster be given after the initial series?
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1 year, then every 3 years
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What is the major complication of vaccinating pregnant queens with panleukopenia MLV?
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Cerebellar hypoplasia in the offspring
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Which virus survives longer outside of the host: FRV or Panleukopenia?
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Panleukopenia (1 year vs. 1 day)
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How long does immunity last once a cat is vaccinated wth feline rhinotracheitis?
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3 years
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This disease presents similarly to feline rhinotracheitis, but with more oral ulceration. It is also more stable a virus and survives for a week outside the host.
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Calicivirus
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80% of cats infected with this disease become chronic infected shedders with stress.
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Feline rhinotracheitis
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List some noncore feline vaccines.
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FeLV
FIV Bordetella bronchiseptica Chlamydia psittaci |
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What is the average life expectancy for a healthy FIV shedder?
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80% die within 3 years
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Where is the appropriate site for vaccinating a cat against FeLV?
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Distal left hindlimb
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Vaccination against this virus should be done only with some kind of documentation on the cat, since the resultant Ab will cause a positive ELISA test.
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FIV
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Describe the vaccine protocol for FIV
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3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart
Annual booster |
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How is Toxocara canis transmitted from a bitch to her pups?
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Transplacental
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How is Toxocara cati transmitted from a queen to her kittens?
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Transmammary
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How is Ancylostoma caninum transmitted between a bitch and her pups?
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Transmammary
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When should a litter of puppies and their dam be dewormed, and with what?
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2,4,6, and 8 weeks with pyrantel pamoate
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When should a litter of kittens and their dam be dewormed, and with what?
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3,5,7, and 9 weeks with pyrantel pamoate
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Describe fenbendazole protocol in pregnant bitch.
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Day 40 of gestation through day 14 post partum
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Describe ivermectin protocol in pregnant bitch.
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200 ug/SQ on days 0, 30, 60 of gestation and 10 days post-whelping
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Describe selamenctin protocol in the pregnant bitch.
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40 and 10 days before parturition
10 and 40 days after whelping |
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What should be done with future litters when a bitch has lost pups to hookworms in the past?
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Deworm pups weekly for 5-6 weeks with pyrantel pamoate
Begin at 1 week of age |
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Preferred heartworm preventatives in dogs.
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Ivermectin
Moxidectin Selamectin Milbemycin |
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How does ivermectin affect adult heartworms?
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Sterilizes adult females after 6 months
Slow kill over 2 years |
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How does a monthly heartworm preventative protect the dog?
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Kills microfilariae that have infected within the past 30-45 days
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What does milbemycin kill besides heartworm?
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Hookworms, roundworms, whipworms
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