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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
This involves forming a memory code.
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encoding
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This involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
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storage
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This involves recovering information from memory stores.
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retrieval
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This involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
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attention
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This proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.
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levels-of-processing theory
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This is linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
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elaboration
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This holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.
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dual-coding theory
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This preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
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sensory memory
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This is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10-20 seconds.
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short-term memory (STM)
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The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information.
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rehearsal
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A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
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chunk
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This is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
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long-term memory (LTM)
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These are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
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flashbulb memories
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This is a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.
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conceptual hierarchy
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An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event.
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schema
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This consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
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semantic network
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These assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks.
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models of parallel distributed processing (PDP)
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The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach.
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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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This occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information.
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misinformation effect
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This involves making attributions about the origins of memories.
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source monitoring
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This occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.
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source-monitoring error
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This refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations).
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reality monitoring
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Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words.
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nonsense syllables
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This is a diagram that graphs retention and forgetting over time.
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forgetting curve
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This refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered).
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retention
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This requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues.
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recall measure of retention
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This requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.
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recognition measure of retention
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This requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before.
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relearning measure of retention
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This proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.
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decay theory
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This proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material.
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interference theory
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This occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
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retroactive interference
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This occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
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proactive interference
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This explains that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.
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encoding specificity principle
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This occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention.
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transfer-appropriate processing
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This refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
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repression
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This is a long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway.
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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This involves the loss of memories for events that occured prior to the onset of amnesia.
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retrograde amnesia
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This involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.
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anterograde amnesia
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This is a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.
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consolidation
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This handles factual information.
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declarative memory system
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This houses memory for action, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses.
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non-declarative memory system
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This is made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.
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episodic memory system
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This contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.
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semantic memory system
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This involves remembering to perform actions in the future.
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prospective memory
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This involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information.
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retrospective memory
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These are strategies for enhancing memory.
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mnemonic devices
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This refers to the continued rehearsal of material after you first appear to have mastered it.
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over-learning
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This occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle.
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serial-position effect
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This involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.
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link method
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This involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.
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method of loci
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This is a tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
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hindsight bias
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This involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.
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self-referent encoding
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