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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
This involves forming a memory code.
encoding
This involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
storage
This involves recovering information from memory stores.
retrieval
This involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
attention
This proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.
levels-of-processing theory
This is linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
elaboration
This holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.
dual-coding theory
This preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
sensory memory
This is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10-20 seconds.
short-term memory (STM)
The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information.
rehearsal
A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
chunk
This is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
long-term memory (LTM)
These are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
flashbulb memories
This is a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.
conceptual hierarchy
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event.
schema
This consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
semantic network
These assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks.
models of parallel distributed processing (PDP)
The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
This occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information.
misinformation effect
This involves making attributions about the origins of memories.
source monitoring
This occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.
source-monitoring error
This refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations).
reality monitoring
Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words.
nonsense syllables
This is a diagram that graphs retention and forgetting over time.
forgetting curve
This refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered).
retention
This requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues.
recall measure of retention
This requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.
recognition measure of retention
This requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before.
relearning measure of retention
This proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.
decay theory
This proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material.
interference theory
This occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
retroactive interference
This occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
proactive interference
This explains that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.
encoding specificity principle
This occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention.
transfer-appropriate processing
This refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
repression
This is a long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
This involves the loss of memories for events that occured prior to the onset of amnesia.
retrograde amnesia
This involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.
anterograde amnesia
This is a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.
consolidation
This handles factual information.
declarative memory system
This houses memory for action, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses.
non-declarative memory system
This is made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.
episodic memory system
This contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.
semantic memory system
This involves remembering to perform actions in the future.
prospective memory
This involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information.
retrospective memory
These are strategies for enhancing memory.
mnemonic devices
This refers to the continued rehearsal of material after you first appear to have mastered it.
over-learning
This occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle.
serial-position effect
This involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.
link method
This involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.
method of loci
This is a tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
hindsight bias
This involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.
self-referent encoding