General Psychology/chapter 6

Front 1

Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.

Back 1

learning

Front 2

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.

Back 2

phobias

Front 3

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Back 3

classical conditioning (also called Pavlovian conditioning, after Ivan Pavlov who first described this form of conditioning around 1900)

Front 4

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Back 4

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Front 5

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.

Back 5

unconditioned response (UR)

Front 6

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Back 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 7

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Back 7

conditioned response (CR)

Front 8

The reflexes that occur because of a classically conditioned response are said to be...

Back 8

elicited (drawn forth)

Front 9

In classical conditioning, this consists of a presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.

Back 9

trial

Front 10

This refers to the initial stage of learning something.

Back 10

acquisition

Front 11

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Back 11

extinction

Front 12

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Back 12

spontaneous recovery

Front 13

This is when a response is extinguished in a different enviroment than it was acquired, and the extinguished response reappears when the animal is returned to the original enviroment where acquisition took place.

Back 13

renewal effect

Front 14

This occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 14

stimulus generalization

Front 15

This occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 15

stimulus discrimination

Front 16

This is when a conditioned stimulus functions as it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 16

higher-order conditioning

Front 17

A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Back 17

operant conditioning

Front 18

This says, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Back 18

law of effect

Front 19

This occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.

Back 19

reinforcement

Front 20

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.

Back 20

operant chamber, or Skinner box

Front 21

This means to send forth.

Back 21

emit

Front 22

The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

Back 22

reinforcement contingencies

Front 23

This creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a operant chamber as a function of time.

Back 23

cumulative recorder

Front 24

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Back 24

primary reinforcers

Front 25

Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Back 25

secondary reinforcers, or conditioned reinforcers

Front 26

Consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Back 26

shaping

Front 27

This occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated.

Back 27

resistance to extinction

Front 28

The cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response.

Back 28

discriminative stimuli

Front 29

This determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer.

Back 29

schedule of reinforcement

Front 30

This occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.

Back 30

continuous reinforcement

Front 31

This occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Back 31

partial, or intermittent reinforcement

Front 32

The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.

Back 32

fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

Front 33

The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Back 33

fixed-interval (FI) schedule

Front 34

The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

Back 34

variable-interval (VI) schedule

Front 35

This occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

Back 35

positive reinforcement

Front 36

This occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.

Back 36

negative reinforcement

Front 37

An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive (unpleasant) stimulation from occurring.

Back 37

avoidance learning

Front 38

This occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

Back 38

punishment

Front 39

This involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Back 39

preparedness

Front 40

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.

Back 40

latent learning

Front 41

This occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Back 41

observational learning

Front 42

A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.

Back 42

behavior modification

Front 43

A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program.

Back 43

behavioral contract

Front 44

An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Back 44

escape learning

Front 45

This consists of efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a unconditioned stimulus to a new conditioned stimulus.

Back 45

evaluative conditioning

Front 46

The reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses.

Back 46

variable-ratio (VR) schedule

Front 47

Investigated observational learning extensively, and asserted that it greatly extends the reach of classical and operant conditioning. This persons theory of observational learning can help explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children. Conducted landmark research on the power of modeling through television. This research suggested that children who observe aggressive models on television are likely to learn that aggressive behavior can pay off.

Back 47

Albert Bandura

Front 48

Conducted a series of studies on conditioned taste aversion using radiation to artificially induce nausea in rats. Found that when taste cues were followed by nausea, rats quickly acquired conditioned taste aversion yet they did not develop taste aversions when the taste cues were followed by electric shock.

Back 48

John Garcia

Front 49

A prominent Russian physiologist who did Nobel prize-winning research on digestion, and first described the process of classical conditioning. This person accidentally discovered "psychic reflex" while trying to determine the role of saliva in a dogs digestion. Noticed that when a neutral stimulus was paired with the conditioned stimulus, dogs would eventually start salivating by introducing the no longer neutral stimulus alone.

Back 49

Ivan Pavlov

Front 50

Asserts that environmental stimuli serve as signals and that some stimuli are better, or more dependable, signals than others. Found that a CS elicits a much stronger response in a 100% CS-US group than in a 50% CS-US group.

Back 50

Robert Rescorla

Front 51

Developed a taste aversion that induced severe nausea, which was not immediate. This person wondered why it took so long to develop nausea from a conditioned stimulus, which didn't seem to follow the guidelines of classical conditioning. Thus, with this experience and curiosity, helped other researcher to open the door to taste aversion experiments.

Back 51

Martin Seligman

Front 52

Christened a kind of learning known as operant conditioning. Learning occurs because responses come to be influenced by the outcomes that follow them. "Organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences." Showed that much of everyday behavior is regulated by reinforcement. Utilized the operant chamber to test his theories. This chamber could be used to control the reinforcement contingencies. This person incorporated shaping as an important step in getting an animal to perform impressive tricks.

Back 52

B. F. Skinner

Front 53

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Back 53

E. L. Thorndike

Front 54

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Back 54

Edward C. Tolman

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Back 55

John B. Watson