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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience not maturation
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Learning
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relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience not maturation
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Maturation
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unfolding of biologically triggered events
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Behaviorists
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study animals in a laboratory
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Black Box or Stimulus Response Approach
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-cant know a humans thoughts
-study behaviors and responses |
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Pros of Studying Animal Behavior
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-Highly controlled setting
-more flexable than humans -make generalizations from animals to humans |
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Seligman
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-Learned Helplessness
-there is no association between behavior and a positive outcome |
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Cons of Studying Animal Behavior
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-cant completely generalize animal behavior in a lab to animal behavior in the wild
-cant generalize from animals to humans -ethical considerations |
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2 Types of Learning Theory
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-Classical conditioning
-operant conditioning (or instrumental) |
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CC
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-classical conditioning
-learning that occurs from paired association |
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Ivan Pavlov
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-discovered CC
-russian physiologist -bell rings, dogs salivate |
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John Watson
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-father of American behaviorism (1920s)
-CC a fear response in a human |
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Stimulus Generalization
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learn a response to 1 stimuli, but applyt aht response to other similar stimuli
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Stimulus Discrimination
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-opposite of generalization
-learn a response but do not apply it to other stimuli |
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Stimulus Extinction
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-process by which we undo the conditioning
-present the CS without the US -original learning is never completely forgotten |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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-after extinction, the CS can again elicit the return of the CR, but the response in weakened.
-we cna agin enter the CS and US to relearn the CR in a shorter period of time |
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Taste Aversion
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-Single trial learning
-takes one pairing of the NS and US to learn the association |
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OC
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-operant conditioning
-learning that occurs when a consequence follows a behavior -shape or change behavior |
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3 Differences between CC and OC
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cc-animal is passive(dont have to do anything for US
oc-animal is active cc-response is elicited(reflex actions) oc-response is emitted cc-automatic or reflex action oc-voluntary actions |
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Operant =
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Response
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B.F. Skinner
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-developed Skinner box
-rats press lever for food reward |
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Shaping
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-in class
-animal is trained to make the operand(rat pressed lever) -reward closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior |
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OC Applied to Humans
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-school settings(token economy)
-behavior modifications(habit control) |
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OC Generalization
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-subject learns to perform a response to other similar stimuli
-reward a child for studying math, child studies english for no reward |
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OC Discrimination
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-train an animal to not respond to other stimuli
-red light not green light |
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OC extinction
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undo the conditioning(no longer give reward)
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3 Ways to Influence Response in OC
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-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement -punishment |
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Positive Reinforcement
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event that occurs after a behavior that increses the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future
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Negative Reinforcement
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taking away a noxious stimlus following a behavior, incresing the likelihood of that behavior occuring in the future
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Punishment
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consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
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2 Types of Reinforcement
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-continuous
-partial |
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Continuous Reinforcement
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everytime a person does the response, they get a reward
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Partial Reinforcement
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recieve a reward only sometimes that the response occurs
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4 Types of Partial Reinforcement
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-Fixed Ratio(FR)fixed # of responses
-Variable Ratio(VR)varied # of responses -Fixed Interval(FI)fixed # of time -Variable Interval(VI)unpredictable period of time |
