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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transducer
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A transducer is a device that converts one kind of energy into another.
ex: electric guitar strings convert vibrations into electrical signals. |
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Psychophysics
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founded by Gustove T Fechner
-study of the relationship between the physical stimuli and our psychological perceptions of them such as loudness, brightness, taste |
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Absolute Threshold
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A point indicating the minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation; the majority of the time.
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Ishihara Test
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a test commonly used to measure color blindness and weakness
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Taste (2 things)
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-4 basic sensations of taste: bitter, sour, salty, and sweet
- infants have the most taste buds and are more sensitive to taste than a child or an adult |
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Lock-and-key theory
(3 things) |
Different shaped holes or pockets exist on the surface of the olfactory receptors. Chemicals produce odors when part part of a molecule matches a hole of the same shape.
Also the location of the receptors are activated by a particular odor. Finally, the number of activated receptors tells the brain how strong an odor is. |
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Control Theory of Pain
(3 things) |
-developed by Ronald Melzack
-suggests that pain messages from different nerve fibers ass through the same neural "gate" in the spinal cord. -If the gate is "closed" by one pain message, other messages may not be able to go through. -suggests that one type of pain will cancel another. |
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The Pinna
(2 things) |
-the external part of the ear
-Function: concentrates sounds |
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The Eardrum
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-Function: Transmits vibrations across the middle-ear to the oval window
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The Auditory ossicles
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-3 small bones (malleus :hammer, incus: anvil, staples: stirrup)- which the eardrum puts in motion, and who in turn, cause the oval window to vibrate.
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The Cochlea
(3 things) |
-the organ of Hearing
-sine it is here that waves in the fluid are detected by the tiny hair cells, which generate nerve impulses to be sent to the brain -a coiled tube in the inner ear which contain the auditory reeptors (the hair cells) |
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The hair Cells
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-the sensory receptors in the cochlea that transduces vibrations (sound waves) into coded neural impulses
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The basilar Membrane
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- a structure within the cochlea that vibrates and thus stimulates the hair cells of the inner ear
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Place Theory
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-states that higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea.
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Stimulation Deafness
(2 things) |
Occurs when very loud sounds damage hair cells in the cochlea
-Associated with many jobs (e.g. hunting, construction) CAN BE PREVENTED |
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The danger of hearing loss depends on what?
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The loudness of sound and how long you are exposed to it
-stimulation deafness |
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The lens
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function: focuses images on the light sensitive layer at the back of the eye
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The iris
(2 things) |
-the coloured part of the eye
-Function: controls the amount of light entering through the pupil |
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The retina
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the photosensitive lining at the back of the eye
-controls the photoreceptors |
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The Rods
(in the retina) |
-Black and White vision
-are much more sensitive to light than the cones, thus, allowing us to see in dim light (night vision) |
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Peripheral Vision
(3 things) part of rods |
-very sensitive to motion
-are INsensitive to extremely red light -practical applications: applied in the illumination of submarines & airplane cockpits |
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rods are most sensitive to what light?
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Blue-green light
practical application: blue gets attention at night, airway roads, police cars |
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The cones
(3 things) in retina |
-work best in bright light (day vision)
-producing color sensations -picking up Fine Detail |
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The Fovea
(3 things) |
-a small depression in the center of the retina containing the greatest concentration of cones
-Thus, vision is SHARPEST when an image falls on the Fovea -Cones are MOST SENSITIVE to light in the YELLOW-GREEN bands |
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Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision
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-states that the visual system can produce messages for EITHER red OR green, yellow OR blue, black OR white
-either or messages |
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Perception
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-how we assemble sensations into meaningful patterns
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Figure-ground
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-represents the SIMPLEST perceptual organization
-some aspect of the stimulus pattern appears to stand out as an object (figure), while other aspects appear to fall into the background (ground) |
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Law of Proximity
-Gestalt Organization Law |
-states that the CLOSER two figures are to each other, the more equally they will ten to be grouped together perceptually
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Law of Similarity
-Gestalt Organization Law |
-states that other things being equal, we tend to group things according to their similarity
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Law of Good Continuation
--Gestalt Organization Law |
-states that our visual system seems to prefer contours that continue smoothly along their original course
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Law of Closure
-Gestalt Organization Law |
-states that we tend to complete (close) figures that have gaps in them, so that they have a consistent overall form
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Subjective Contours
-Gestalt Organization Law |
-contours are seen, despite the fact that they do NOT physically exist
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The Visual Cliff
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-Measures depth perception in infants, BUT
requires that the infant must be able to crawl |
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Binocular Depth Cues
(Retinal Disparity) (4 things) |
-involve BOTH eyes
-the MOST important source of depth perception -based on the fact that the eyes are 2.5 inches apart -THUS, the eye SEES the object slightly differently and the difference in overlap provides us with a sensation of depth |
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Monocular Depth Cues
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-involve only one eye
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Linear Perceptive
-monocular depth cue |
-refers to the apparent convergence of parallel lines in the environment
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Interposition
-monocular depth cue |
-occurs when one object (in the foreground) partially obscures another object (in the background)
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Relative Size
-monocular depth cue |
-states that the farther of two identical objects will be smaller in size
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Motion Parallax
-monocular depth cue (3 things) |
-NOT a pictorial depth cue
-perhaps the MOST POWERFUL monocular depth cue -refers to the fact that as we move, nearby objects seem to move VERY quickly in an opposite direction; distant objects also seem to move in the opposite direction, but at a lesser velocity |
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Size Constancy
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-states that the perceived size of an object remains the same despite changes in the retinal image
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Distal Stimulus
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-refers to the stimulus in the outside world (actual object)
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Proximal Stimulus
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-refers to the physical stimulus at the receptor (retinal image)
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Shape Constancy
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-states that the perceived shape of an object remains the same even though the retinal image changes
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The Phi Phenomenon
(2 things) |
-refers to the appearance of motion generated by non-moving stimuli
-that is, an illusion of apparent motion eg: construction lights, restaurant signs |
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Moon Illusion
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-refers to the illusion in which the moon, near the horizon, appears much larger than it does when it's high in the sky
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The 2 monocular depth cues involved in the moon illusion are:
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Interposition: nearby objects obscure more distant ones
Relative size- the more distant of 2 equally sized obj, should appear smaller |
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Muller Lyer Illusion
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-the horizontal line with the arrowheads appears shorter than the line with the V's
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The Ames Room
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-the perceiver is faced with the choice of either maintaining the SIZE constancy of the people, or the shape constancy of the room
-surprisingly, they elect to maintain the shape constancy of the room |
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Assimilation
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-the process by which a child gains info by APPLYING existing skills to events encountered
-is used when existing schemes work |
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Accommodation
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-occurs when a goal cannot be achieved utilizing existing schemes. The child CHANGES the scheme to adjust to the novelty of the situation
-is used when MINOR changes ina scheme are needed |
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Scheme
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-is a plan
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Sequence of the Stages
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-sensorimotor
-preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational |
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Sensorimotor Period
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-During this period, mental development involves progress in the infant's ability to organize and coordinate sensations and perceptions with physical movements and actions
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