General Psychology (Garrett College)

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Theory

Back 1

An integrated and organized set of statements that explain phenomenon

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Humanistic Psychology

Back 2

Emphisizes freewill and self-actualization

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Behaviorism

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Stimulus/Response psychology

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Functionalism

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Focused on how the mind helps adapt toenvironment (purpose of behavior)

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Structuralism

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Studied the elements of conscious experiences(sensations, feelings, images)

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Validity

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Measures what it is designed to measure

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Cognitive

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Memory, Learning, Perception, Language

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Psychology

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Literally mean “study of the soul”

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Gestalt

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Pattern or configuration (whole more than the sum, of its parts)

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Placebo

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Fake treatment

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Reliability

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Consistency of test results

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Correlation

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Show the strength of a relationship between 2 variables

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Psychoanalysis

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Unconscious motives and conflicts

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Father of Psychology

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Experiment

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Research designed to show cause and effect

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John B. Watson

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Founder of Behaviorism

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Hypothesis

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A statement that makes a prediction

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Sigmund Freud

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Father of Psychoanalysis

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Amygdala

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Connects sensations and emotions

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Acetylcholine

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Memory (Alzheimer’s disease)

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Sympathetic

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Speeds up the Nervous System

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemical Messengers

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Synapse

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Gap between the neurons

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Corpus Callosum

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Connects the two hemispheres of the brain

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Parasympathetic

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Slows down the Nervous system

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Hippocampus

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Gateway to Memory

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Broca's Area

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Speech Production

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Norepinepherine

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Sleep, learning, mood (depression)

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Hypothalamus

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Controls physical drives

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Dendrite

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Receives information

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Medulla

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Regulates breathing and heart rate

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Cerebellum

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Coordinates motor movement/balance

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Wernicke's Area

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Language Comprehension

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Endorphines

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Relieves pain

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Axon

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Transmits information

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Dopamine

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Parkinson’s Disease and Schizophrenia

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Thalamus

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Interprets and relays sensory information

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Serotonin

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Mood, appetite. Aggression (depression)

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Kinesthesia

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Plays important role in our sense of self

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Narcolepsy

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Rapid switch from active waking state into REM sleep

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Sigmund Freud

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“Dreams are the Royal Road to the Unconscious”

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Ivan Pavlov

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Classical Conditioning

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Sleep Apnea

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Briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night

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Activation/Synthesis

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Dreaming is the result of spontaneous firing of neurons in the pons

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Circadian

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Biological rhythm that occurs approximately every 24 hours

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B.F. Skinner

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Operant Conditioning

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Pons

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Controls dreaming

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Classical Conditioning

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Pairing of unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus

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Positive Reinforcement

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Give something pleasant to increase desirable behavior

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Stimulant

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Speeds up the central nervous system

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Negitive Reinforcement

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Take away something unpleasant to increase desirable behavior

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Depressants

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Slows down the Central Nervous System

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Sudden reappearance of a response after its apparent extinction

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Stimulus Generalization

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Give the same response to two similar stimuli

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Extinction

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Gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a response

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Opiates

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Mimic endorphins, relieve pain and produce euphoria

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Positive Punishment

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Give something unpleasant to decrease an undesirable behavior

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Ivan Pavlov

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Conducted the 1st lab experiment on classical conditioning

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Hallucinogens

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Alter sensations and perceptions

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Stimulus Discrimination

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Give a different response to two similar stimuli

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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Elicits a reflexive (natural) responses

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Operant Conditioning

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Reinforce successive approximations of a desire behavior

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Shaping

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Response is more or less likely to occur based on consequences

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Manifest Content

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Actual content of the dream

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Negitive Punsihment

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Take away something pleasant to decrease an undesirable behavior

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Latent Content

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Hidden meaning of the dream

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Ultradian

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Biological rhythm that occurs more frequently than every 24 hours

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Procedural Memory

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Memories for how to do something

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Episodic Memory

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Memories for personal experiences

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Mnemonics

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Strategies for organizing information to remember it

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Proactive Interference

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Old information interferes with new information

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Infradian

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Biological rhythm that occurs less frequently than every 24 hours

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Schema

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Mental representations for categorizing objects, people & events

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Semantic Memory

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Memories for general knowledge, rules & concepts

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Retrieval Cues

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Stimuli that help people recall information

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Retroactive Interference

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New information interferes with old information

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Encoding

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Putting information in a form that can be used by the memory system

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Approach/Approach

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Choice between two desirable goals

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Homeostasis

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Physiological and psychological systems kept in balance

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Fixed-action Pattern

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Complete pattern of behavior that occurs without learning

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Primary Drives

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Unlearned biological needs

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Lateral Hypothalamus

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“Start-eating” center of the brain

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Secondary Drives

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Drives that are learned from prior associations

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Approach/Avoidance

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Goal/choice has both desirable and undesirable features

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Self-Actualization

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Maximize your potential

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Ventromedial Nucleus

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“Stop-eating” center of the brain

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Set Point Theory

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Homeostatic brain mechanism programs body weight

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Avoidance/Avoidance

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Decision between equally undesirable choices

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Tabula Rasa

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Newborn a blank state

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Pyramidal

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Fake-emotional expression

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Industry

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Develop competence socially and academically(eager to learn)

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Harry Harlow

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Monkey motivated by a need for contact comfort

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Zygote

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Fertilized egg

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Stagnation

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Self centered, self absorbed, inactive

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Initiative

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Ability to take action and enjoy accomplishments

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Fluid Intelligence

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Capacity to form insight/processing speed, accuracy and memory

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Alfred Kinsey

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First extensive sex survey

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John Bowlby

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Attachment to caregivers provides a secure base to explore

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Deficiency Needs

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Needs that are motivated by a lack of something

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Masters and Johnson

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Study done by observing sexual intercourse

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Motivation

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Process that causes movement toward a goal

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Generativity

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Need to leave a legacy/ give to younger generation

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Crystallized intelligence

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Acquired knowledge and skills over a lifetime

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Terminal Drop

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Sharp decline in mental functioning

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Extrapyramidal

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Genuine facial expressions

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Germinal Stage

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Conception to 2 weeks

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Instinct

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Fixed-action pattern

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Testosterone

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Promotes sexual desire in both sexes

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Autonomy

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Exercise will, make choices, self-control

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Ainsworth

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Strange situation test/ evaluated styles of attachment

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Integrity

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Find meaning of life experiences/ accept death with dignity

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Fetal Stage

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8 weeks to birth

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Meta needs

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Needs motivated by growth

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Embryonic stage

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2-8 weeks after conception

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Displacement

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Take out frustrations on a "safe" target

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Projection

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Place unacceptable feelings onto someone else

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Repression

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Trauma or motivation it blocked from concious awareness

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Denial

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Refuse to admit something is wrong

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Regression

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Behavior acceptable in an earlier stage of development

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Reaction Formation

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Change the feeling to its opposite

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Intellectualization

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Deny the emotional element with rational interpretations

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Sublimation

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Develop a socially acceptable way to express desires and motives

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Rationalization

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Justify behavior with excuses

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Suppression

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Conciously push something out of your immediate awareness

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Placenta

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Outer part of zygote

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Object permanence

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Understand that things exist outside of our immediate awareness

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Hans Seyle

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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Concrete operational

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Perform mental tasks (read,write,spell,math)

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Babinsky reflex

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Toes span out when foot is touched

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Sensorimotor

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Coordinate sensory impressions with motor movements

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Catastrophizing

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Overemphasizing negative consequences

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Erik Erikson

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Theory of psychosocial development

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Cognitive restructuring

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Modify how people interpret stressful events

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Formal operational

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Abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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Theory of moral development

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Conservation

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Recognize properties such as weight and volume remain the same despite change in appearance

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Moro reflex

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Startle reflex

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Jean Piaget

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Theory of cognitive development

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Preoperational

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Symbolic representation/langage, role playing, art

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Ruminating

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Recurring intrusion of thoughts about stressful events

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Embryo

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Inner part of the zygote

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Self-efficacy

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Belief you can perform a behavior(learned expectation of success)

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Anima

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Feminine archetype in males

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Karen Horney

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Basic anxiety/ womb envy

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Carl Rogers

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Congruence between the self and the organism

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Abraham Maslow

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Hierarchy of needs

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Cardinal traits

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Influence everything a person does

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Animus

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Masculine archetype in females

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Central traits

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Reflect a characteristic way of being

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Oedipus complex

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Phallic stage of psychosexual development

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Alfred Adler

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Inferiority complex

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Carl Jung

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Collective Unconcious

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Secondary Traits

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Changable aspects of personality(habits)

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object-relations

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emphisizes need for mother and relationships

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schizophrenia

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delusions, hallucinations, oddities of behavior

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generalized anxiety disorder

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chronic worry and inability to relax

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panic disorder

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sudden onset of terror/fear

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phobia

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intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation

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obsessions

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unwanted thoughts

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agoraphobia

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strong fear of being seperated from a certain place or person

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dissociative fugue

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sudden loss of personal memory and formation of a new identity

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compulsions

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ritualistic behaviors

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dissociative amnesia

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sudden memory loss(few hours/days)

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conversion disorder

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loss of physical ability(no organic/medical cause)

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dysthymic disorder

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chronic pattern of depression(less severe than major depression)

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antisocial personality disorder

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shameless disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights

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systemetic desensitivation

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associative activity(relaxation) that is incompatible with fear

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phenomenologist

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humanistic psychologists are also called

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benzodiazepines

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librium and valium (treatment choice for anxiety)

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psychoanalysis

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dream analysis and free association

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lithium

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most prominant "second gen" antidepressant(fluoxetine)

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catharsis

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release emotional tension associated with traumatic experience

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prozac

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treatment of bipolar disorder(mania/depression)

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fritz perls

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gestalt theory(unified, self-aware, self-accepting)

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flooding

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exposed to feared situations and prevented from escaping

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carl rogers

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unconditional positive regard/client centered therapy

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transference

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relate to therapist in ways that reproduce or relive relationship

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albert ellis

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rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

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reflection

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restating or paraphrasing what the client just said

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neuroleptics

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anti-psychotics reduce hallucinations and delusions

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aversion theory

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undesirable behavior associated with physical or psychological discomfort

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self serving bias

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tendency to take credit for success and blame others for failure

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romantic love

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high degree of passion and intimacy

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deindividuation

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become submerged in a group and lose identity

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cognitive dissonance

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thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior are inconsistant

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fundimental attribution error

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over estimate behaviors in others to internal (dispositional) factors

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companionate love

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high degree of intimacy and commitment

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alturism

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unselfish concern for another's welfare

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consummate love

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high degree of passion, intimacy, and commitment

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internal attributions

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personality or dispositional characteristics

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in-group

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group that you feel loyalty toward

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bystander effect

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more people who witness an emergency/ less likely to help

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out-group

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a group you feel antagonistic toward

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external attributions

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environmental or situational factors