General Pathology - Vascular Changes And Circulatory Disturbances

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Vascular changes and circulatory disturbances

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Title

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Key determinants of cell health

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Oxygen
nutrients
remove waste

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What is required to maintain cell health

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intact blood supply, lymphatic drainag

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Key factors maintained by homeostasis

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vessel wall integrity
IV pressuer
osmolarity
maintenance of blood as liquid

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Osmotic pressure is

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pressure required to stop flow of water across semi-permeable mebrane

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Oncotic pressure is

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Osmotic pressure of a colloid in solution

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Colloids will not do what under gravity

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settle under gravity

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Simple definition of a thrombus

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temporary patch on damaged blood vessel

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Thrombus is composed of

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fibrin and platelets

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simple definition of thombosis

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pathological thrombus formation within he vascular system

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Embolisation is

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The movement of an embolus

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An embolus is

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Mass of material within the circulation

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Starlings law determines

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the forces that govern the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitium

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arterial hydrostatic pressure is

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32mmHg

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venous hydrostatic pressure is

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12mmHg

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What pressure are equal at 25mmHg?

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oncotic (colloid osmotic) and capilary pressure

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The outflow of fluid from precappilary arterioles is equal to

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inflow into post cappilary venules
PLUS
fluid drained by normal lymphatics

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In simple terms, when does oedema form

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when starlings forces are disturbed

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Pitting oedema is

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Excess fluid beneath the skin

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Give an example of a mucous membrane that can develop oedema between the layers

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conjunctiva

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Give an example of interstital oedema

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interlobular oedema of the lung

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Oedema of the entire body of an aborted foetus is called

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anasarco

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The microscopic appearance of odema is

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variable:
pale eosinophillic, flocculent or clear

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Colour of oedema microscopically determined by

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protein content

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5 mechanisms of oedema formation

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change in vascular permeability
increased hydrostatic pressure,
reduced plasma oncotic
lymphatic obstruction
Na retention

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Oedema caused by changes in vascular permeability is normally the result of

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inflammation

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What type of odema will a severe inflammatory reaction typically produce

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Exudate

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Other than inflammatory reactions inducing oedema by increasing vascular wall permeability, how can type oedema form

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(rare) Toxins, chemicals, infectious agents can cause damage to to endothelium

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In addition to increased vascular permeability what will an inflammatory reaction cause

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Increased hydrostatic pressure

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What are the 2 causes of increased hydrostatic pressure?

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Hyperaemia and congestion

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Local congestion as a cause of oedema tend to be a result of

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impaired venous drainage

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What can cause localised impaired venous drainage

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blocked vessel by thrombus, embolisation etc, tumours, bandages, casts

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Generalised oedema due to increased hydrostatic pressure tends to be due to

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Congestive heart failure