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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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THROMBOXANE VS. PROSTACYCLIN
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Thromboxane
• produced by platelets • causes vasoconstriction • stimulates platelet aggregation Prostacyclin • produced by endothelial cells • causes vasodilation • inhibits platelet aggregation |
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c-sis
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B chain of platelet-derived growth factor
• astrocytomas and osteogenic sarcomas |
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c-erb B1
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c-erb B1
• receptor for epidermal growth factor • breast cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung |
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c-neu
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c-neu
• receptor for epidermal growth factor • breast cancer |
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c-fms
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c-fms
• receptor for colony-stimulating factor (CSF) • leukemia |
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c-abl
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c-abl
• membrane tyrosine kinase • chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) |
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c-ras
(GTP binding protein) |
c-ras
• product is p21 (protein) • adenocarcinomas |
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Nuclear Regulatory Proteins
1. c-myc 2. N-myc 3. L-myc 4. c-jun 5. c-fos |
Nuclear Regulatory Proteins
1. c-myc ¨ Burkittfs lymphoma 2. N-myc ¨ neuroblastoma 3. L-myc ¨ small cell carcinoma of the lung 4. c-jun 5. c-fos |
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Point Mutations
. c-ras |
Point Mutations
. c-ras ¨ adenocarcinomas |
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Translocations
. c-abl on chromosome 9 ¨ . c-myc on chromosome 8 ¨ . bcl-2 on chromosome 18 ¨ |
Translocations
. c-abl on chromosome 9 ¨ CML . c-myc on chromosome 8 ¨ Burkittfs lymphoma . bcl-2 on chromosome 18 ¨ nodular lymphoma |
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Gene Amplification
. N-myc . c-neu ¨ . c-erb B2 ¨ |
Gene Amplification
. N-myc ¨ neuroblastoma . c-neu ¨ breast cancer . c-erb B2 ¨ breast cancer |
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Cancer types from:
benzene ¨ . vinyl chloride ¨ . ƒÀ-naphthylamine ¨ . azo dyes ¨ . aflatoxin ¨ . asbestos ¨ . arsenic ¨ |
benzene ¨ leukemias
. vinyl chloride ¨ angiosarcomas of the liver . ƒÀ-naphthylamine ¨ cancer of the urinary bladder . azo dyes ¨ tumors of the liver . aflatoxin ¨ hepatoma . asbestos ¨ mesotheliomas and lung tumors . arsenic ¨ skin cancer |
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b-HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadodotropin)
Found in which tumors? |
b-HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadodotropin)
• gestational trophoblastic disease (e.g., choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole) • dysgerminoma • seminoma (10% of cases) |
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a-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Faound i which cancers? |
a-Fetoprotein (AFP)
• liver cancer • germ cell tumors (e.g., yolk sac tumors, embryonal carcinoma, NOT seminoma) |
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
• adenocarcinomas of colon, pancreas, stomach, and breast (nonspecific marker) |
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CA-125
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CA-125
• ovarian cancer |
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S-100
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S-100
• melanoma • neural tumors |
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5p- (Cri du Chat)
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5p- (Cri du Chat)
• high-pitched cry • mental retardation • heart defects and microcephaly |
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15q-
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15q-
1. Maternal deletion ¨ Angelmanfs syndrome . stiff, ataxic gait with jerky movements |
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13q
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Retinoblaastoma
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15q Paternal deletion
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Paternal deletion ¨ Prader-Willi syndrome
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Localized Deposition of Amyloidosis
. senile cardiac disease ¨ . Alzheimerfs disease ¨ . medullary carcinoma of thyroid ¨ . non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II) ¨ |
Localized Deposition
. senile cardiac disease ¨ deposits of amyloid transthyretin . Alzheimerfs disease ¨ deposits of B2-amyloid protein . medullary carcinoma of thyroid ¨ deposits of procalcitonin . non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II) ¨amyloid deposits in islets of Langerhans of pancreas |
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Systemic Deposition of Amyolid
. multiple myeloma ¨ . chronic inflammatory diseases ¨ . hemodialysis ¨ |
Systemic Deposition
. multiple myeloma ¨ deposits of amyloid light protein . chronic inflammatory diseases ¨ deposits of amyloid-associated protein . hemodialysis ¨ deposits of B2-microglobulin |
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Inclusions
• herpes simplex virus • smallpox virus • rabies virus • molluscum contagiosum |
Inclusions
• herpes simplex virus (Cowdry A bodies) • smallpox virus (Guarnieri bodies) • rabies virus (Negri bodies) • molluscum contagiosum (molluscum bodies) |
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Atypical Cells
. atypical lymphocytes ¨ . smudge cells ¨ . koilocytosis ¨ |
Atypical Cells
. atypical lymphocytes ¨ Epstein-Barr virus . smudge cells ¨ adenovirus (respiratory epithelial cells) . koilocytosis ¨ human papillomavirus (HPV) |
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Berry Aneurysms
. location ¨ . most commonly bifurcation of . ...? hemorrhage . associated with |
Berry Aneurysms
. location ¨ bifurcation of arteries in circle of Willis . most commonly bifurcation of anterior communicating artery . subarachnoid hemorrhage . associated with polycystic renal disease |
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Left-to-Right Shunts
1. ...? ¨ most common congenital cardiac anomaly 2. 3. |
Left-to-Right Shunts
1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) ¨ most common congenital cardiac anomaly 2. Atrial septal defect (ASD) 3. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
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Right-to-Left Shunts
congenital abn. |
Right-to-Left Shunts
1. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) → most common cause of congenital cyanotic heart disease |
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Epidural Hematoma
• mostly due to • bleeding where? • symptoms occur? |
Epidural Hematoma
• severe trauma • arterial bleeding (middle meningeal artery) • symptoms occur rapidly |
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Subdural Hematoma
• mostly due to • bleeding where? • symptoms occur? |
Subdural Hematoma
• minimal trauma in elderly • venous bleeding (bridging veins) • symptoms occur slowly |
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
• rupture of? • “Symptom?” |
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
• rupture of berry aneurysm • “worst headache ever” • bloody or xanthochromic spinal tap |
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1. Psammoma body:
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1. Psammoma body:
• papillary carcinoma of the thyroid • papillary tumors of the ovary • meningioma |
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Immunoglobulin bodies
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Immunoglobulin
. Russell body ¨ cytoplasmic or extracellular . Dutcher body ¨ nucleus (Waldenstromfs) |
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Councilman body
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Councilman body ¨ viral hepatitis
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Mallory body
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Mallory body ¨ alcoholic hyaline
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Cowdry A body →
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Cowdry A body → herpes
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Aschoff body
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Aschoff body ¨ rheumatoid fever
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Ferruginous body
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Ferruginous body ¨ asbestos
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Negri body
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Negri body ¨ rabies
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Lewy body
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Lewy body ¨ Parkinsonfs
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Heinz body (denatured hemoglobin)
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Heinz body (denatured hemoglobin) ¨ G6PD deficiency
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Barr body ¨
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Barr body ¨ number of X chromosomes minus one
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Storage Disease:
Enzyme deficiency, Substance accumulating, Pompe’s disease, Hurler’s syndrome, Hunter’s syndrome e Niemann-Pick disease Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff’s disease Gaucher’s disease Fabry’s disease |
Storage Disease:
Enzyme deficiency, Substance accumulating, Pompe’s disease, á-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase), Glycogen Hurler’s syndrome, á-L-iduronidase Heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate Hunter’s syndrome sc-l-iduronosulfate sulfatase Heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate Niemann-Pick disease Sphingomyelinase, Sphingomyelin Tay-Sachs disease, Hexosaminidase A, GM2 ganglioside Sandhoff’s disease Hexosaminidase A and B, GM2 ganglioside and globoside Gaucher’s disease Glucocerebrosidase, Glucocerebroside Fabry’s disease á-galactosidase A, Ceramide trihexosidase |
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Pompe’s disease,
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Pompe’s disease, á-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase), Glycogen
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Hurler’s syndrome,
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Hurler’s syndrome, á-L-iduronidase Heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate
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Hunter’s syndrome
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Hunter’s syndrome sc-l-iduronosulfate sulfatase Heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate
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Niemann-Pick disease
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Niemann-Pick disease Sphingomyelinase, Sphingomyelin
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Tay-Sachs disease,
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Tay-Sachs disease, Hexosaminidase A, GM2 ganglioside
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Sandhoff’s disease
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Sandhoff’s disease Hexosaminidase A and B, GM2 ganglioside and globoside
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Gaucher’s disease
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Gaucher’s disease Glucocerebrosidase, Glucocerebroside
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Fabry’s disease
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Fabry’s disease á-galactosidase A, Ceramide trihexosidase
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