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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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~~Role of Protein~~
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~~Role of Protein~~
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What is the role of a protein?
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To supply the body amino acids from which the body can make proteins.
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What do proteins provide?
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Energy.
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How many kilocalories per gram does proteins contain?
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4 kcal/gram
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~~Chemical Structure of Protein~~
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~~Chemical Structure of Protein~~
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What chemical element does protein contain that carbohydrates & fats do not?
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Nitrogen.
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What is the building blocks of protein called? What connects the building blocks together?
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Amino acids. Peptide bonds connect one amino acid to another.
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Are proteins more complex or less complex than carbohydrates? Lipids?
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More complex. Side groups vary-making proteins complex.
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~~Nonessential Amino Acids~~
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~~Nonessential Amino Acids~~
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What is meant by “non-essential”?
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Can be synthesized by the body.
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~~Essential Amino Acids
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~~Essential Amino Acids
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What is meant by “essential”?
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Cannot be synthesized at all or in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs.
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How many essential amino acids are there?
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Nine.
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Essential Amino Acids must be what?
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Supplied by the diet.
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~~Conditionally Essential~~
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~~Conditionally Essential~~
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Under special conditions, what does a nonessential amino acid become?
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An essential amino acid.
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What is Glutamine?
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Preferred fuel of colonocyte during times of acute illness (immune enhancing).
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What is Arginine?
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Involved in cellular replication; wound healing, acute illness (immune enhancing).
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~~Molecular Bonds~~
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~~Molecular Bonds~~
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Bonds that connect one amino acid to another amino acid are called by what name?
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Peptide bonds.
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~~Body Uses of Proteins~~
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~~Body Uses of Proteins~~
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What do proteins do in the body?
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Build new cells, maintain tissues, and synthesize new proteins.
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What are the functions of proteins?
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Enzymes (all) - 50% of dietary protein, hormones, fluid and acid/base balance, and transporters (lipoproteins).
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~~Digestion and Absorption~~
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~~Digestion and Absorption~~
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Where does protein digestion begin?
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In the stomach with partial breakdown of proteins.
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HCL does what in the digestion of proteins?
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Uncoil each protein's strands so that digestive enzymes can attach the peptide bonds. Activates the enzyme Pepsinogen to activate form pepsin.
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What does pepsin do?
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Cleaves protein into smaller polypeptides and some amino acids.
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What happens in the small intstine?
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Pancreatic and intestinal proteases hydrolyze them further into short peptide chains (oligopeptides), tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids.
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~~Deamination of amino acids~~
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~~Deamination of amino acids~~
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What happens to amino acids during deamination?
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Amino acids are stripped of their nitrogen containing groups so that they can be used for energy.
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Deamination produces what?
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Deamination produces ammonia.
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What does the liver do during deamination of proteins?
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Liver picks up the ammonia and converts it into urea -> back to blood
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What do the kidneys do during deamination of proteins?
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Kidneys filter urea out of the blood; nitrogen ends up in the urine.
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~~Protein Metabolism: Nitrogen Balance~~
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~~Protein Metabolism: Nitrogen Balance~~
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What is Nitrogen Balance?
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The balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation.
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Where are the losses?
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Losses in urine, drains, wounds.
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Energy deficit or inadequate protein intake may force the body to do what?
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To use amino acids as fuel, creating a negative nitrogen balance.
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~~Proteins in Foods~~
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~~Proteins in Foods~~
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What are the three important characteristics of dietary proteins?
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To supply all 9 essential amino acids, to supply enough total amino acids, and to be accompanied by adequate calories to prevent sacrifice of the body's protein.
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~~Complete Proteins~~
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~~Complete Proteins~~
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What is a complete protein?
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Contains all 9 essential amino acids and has the right proportion of each.
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What are the sources of complete proteins?
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Animal (eggs, meat, milk), etc. and soy.
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~~Incomplete Proteins~~
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~~Incomplete Proteins~~
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What are incomplete proteins?
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Missing (or low supply) of one essential amino acid.
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What are sources of incomplete proteins?
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Plants: grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds have at least one limiting amino acid.
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What is a limiting amino acid?
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The "missing" essential amino acid.
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~~Complimentary Proteins~~
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~~Complimentary Proteins~~
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What is it meant by complimentary proteins?
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Combining various foods which contain different amino acids to make a complete protein.
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Complementary proteins deal with what?
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Food combining.
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Complementary proteins do not need to what?
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Be eaten at the same meal, just as long as it's in a 24 hour period.
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Complementary proteins have been what?
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Long standing traditions, such as peanut butter on bread.
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~~Biological Value~~
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~~Biological Value~~
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What is it meant by Biological Value?
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The greater the amount of nitrogen the body retains, the higher the Biological Value.
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What food has a 100% of Biological Value, and thus is the standard by which all other proteins are measured?
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Egg.
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What is the Biological Value of Milk, Beef, and Corn?
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93, 75, and 72.
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~~Recommended Protein Intakes: How much does the body need?~~
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~~Recommended Protein Intakes: How much does the body need?~~
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What is the Recommended Protein Intake?
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0.8 grams of protein per kg of body weight.
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What is the calculation for Recommended Protein Intake when a person weighs 110 pounds?
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Weight/2.2 = kg
Kg X 0.8 = daily recommended intake So, 110/2.2. = 50kg. 50 kg x 0.8 = 40 grams of protein per day. |
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How much protein do Americans get every day?
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More than enough.
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What type of people need more protein?
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Infants, children, adolescents, pregnant women, metabolically stressed patients (1.2-1.5 grams per kg), burn victims.
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~~Too Much Protein~~
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~~Too Much Protein~~
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Which two organs stress if the body has too much proteins?
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Stresses the liver and kidneys.
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What mineral might be excreted in excess?
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Calcium, which can increase risk for osteoporosis.
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What vitamin is needed in extra amounts?
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Vitamin B6.
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Can you build more lean body mass simply by eating more protein?
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No. Dietary protein does not automatically become lean body mass. Have to exercise for it.
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~~Protein Energy Malnutrition~~
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~~Protein Energy Malnutrition~~
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Protein energy malnutrition is unusual in what?
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Healthy people (USA).
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Adult protein energy malnutrition comes from what?
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AIDS, TB, Malabsorption syndromes, cancers, and eating disorders.
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Worldwide, protein energy malnutrition is what?
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Problematic.
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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Sudden/recent deprivation of food.
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What does Kwashiorkor mean?
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"The evil spirit that infects the first child when the second child is born".
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What does Kwashiorkor look like?
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"Swollen belly".
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What are characteristics of the swollen belly?
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Edema, enlarged liver, and often parasites.
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What is Marasmus?
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Disease of starvation caused by inadequate energy and protein intake over a long time period.
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Who is at risk for Marasmus?
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Often children 6-18 months old.
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What does Marasmus look like?
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Severe muscle wasting.
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~~Vegetarianism~~
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~~Vegetarianism~~
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What are the positive aspects (health benefits) of vegetarianism?
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Lowers body weight, lower blood pressure, less CAD, less GI disorders, lower cancer rates.
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What are some negative aspects of vegetarianism?
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Doesn't mean it's healthy and poor menu planning by many.
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~~Terminology~~
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~~Terminology~~
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What is a Vegetarian?
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Not really specific.
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What is a Vegan?
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No dairy, no eggs, no cheese.
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What is Lacto-ovo?
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Includes dairy and eggs.
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~~Reasons for Vegetarianism~~
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~~Reasons for Vegetarianism~~
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What are the reasons for vegetarianism?
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Health considerations, religious beliefs, food aversions and individual taste preferences, and animal rights.
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~~Nutrition Concerns for Vegetarians~~
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~~Nutrition Concerns for Vegetarians~~
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What are some nutrients of concerns for vegetarians?
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Iron (also found in leafy vegetables), zinc (also found in grains and nuts), calcium (also found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, etc.), vitamin B12 (will need supplement), and Vitamin D (sunshine vitamin).
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~~Vitamins - Chapter 6~~
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~~Vitamins - Chapter 6~~
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~~Discovery of Vitamins~~
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~~Discovery of Vitamins~~
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When were vitamins discovered? Symptoms have been reported when?
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Recently. (1900's)
More than 2000 years ago. |
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What lead to the discovery of vitamins?
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Symptoms of deficiency.
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The symptoms of deficiency were thought to be what?
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Protein deficiency. "Vital Amines".
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~~Chemical Classifications~~
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~~Chemical Classifications~~
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Vitamins contain what?
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A carbon.
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The carbon in vitamins can be destroyed by what?
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Heat, pH, and light.
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What are the two categories of vitamins?
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Fat and water soluble.
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Vitamins are "non caloric". What does that mean?
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They do not contain calories and do not supply energy.
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~~Role in the Body: Vitamins~~
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~~Role in the Body: Vitamins~~
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Vitamins produce and release what?
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Energy (ATP).
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Vitamins play a part in cellular replication which does what?
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Makes new tissues, deals with growth and development, plays a role in wound healing, and normal replication prevents cancer.
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Vitamins are one type of what?
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Antioxidant.
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~~Water Soluble Vitamins~~
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~~Water Soluble Vitamins~~
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How many water soluble vitamins are there?
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Nine. 8 B and 1 C.
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When there is high blood levels of water soluble vitamins, the body does what?
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Excretes, which is rarely toxic, but can have side effects.
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How often do you need to consume water soluble vitamins?
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Daily.
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Where is water soluble vitamins found?
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In the watery parts of the fruit or vegetable.
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~~Fat Soluble Vitamins~~
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~~Fat Soluble Vitamins~~
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E, and K.
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What parts of the body store surplus fat soluble vitamins?
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The liver and body fat.
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How often should you consume fat soluble vitamins?
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Do not need to consume daily.
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Megadoses of fat soluble vitamins can be what?
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Toxic, including liver damage.
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Where are fat soluble vitamins generally found?
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In fats of foods.
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What destroys fat soluble vitamins?
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Deep fat frying (high heat).
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What assists absorption of fat soluble vitamins?
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Dietary fats and bile.
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Fat absorption disorders can cause what?
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Deficiency.
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~~The B Vitamins - Thiamin~~
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~~The B Vitamins - Thiamin~~
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Thiamin releases energy from what?
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Carbohydrates.
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Thiamin is a crucial role in what?
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Nerve processes.
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What are the food sources of Thiamin?
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Meats, legumes, fruits vegetables, and grains.
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~~Thiamin Deficiency~~
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~~Thiamin Deficiency~~
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What does Thiamin deficiency affect?
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Nerves, muscles, heart, and other organs.
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What is Thiamin deficiency generally called?
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Beri Beri.
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What happens with Beri Beri?
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Wasting of muscle tissue, swelling, paralysis, and heart enlarges with a irregular beat.
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What does Beri Beri mean?
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"I can't. I can't". Paralysis.
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~~Thiamin Info for Nurses~~
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~~Thiamin Info for Nurses~~
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Who is mostly at a risk for thiamin deficiency?
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Alcoholics.
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When alcoholics come into the hospital, they are given what?
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IV or IM thiamin for three days.
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Thiamin can be added to what?
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IV's because it's inexpensive. Less than $1.30 per day.
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Thiamin can be infused through what?
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Peripheral Access.
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Thiamin deficiency can lead to what?
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Wernicke's Encephalopathy.
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~~The B Vitamins - Riboflavin~~
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~~The B Vitamins - Riboflavin~~
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What color is riboflavin?
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Blue/purple.
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What does Riboflavin release?
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Energy, like all vitamins.
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Are deficiencies rare or common?
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Rare.
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What are some signs of a deficiency?
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Skin problems, cracks at corner of mouth, red swollen tongue, and teary, bloodshot eyes.
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~~Riboflavin Sources~~
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~~Riboflavin Sources~~
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What are some sources of Riboflavin?
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Milk, dairy products, meat, dark green veggies, and grains.
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What destroys Riboflavin sources.
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UV Rays.
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~~The B Vitamins - Niacin~~
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~~The B Vitamins - Niacin~~
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Niacin obtains energy from what?
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Foods.
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The deficiency of Niacin is called what?
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Pellagra.
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Pellagra's symptoms contain what?
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(3-4 D's) Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
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~~Niacin Sources~~
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~~Niacin Sources~~
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Where is Niacin found?
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Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, and fish.
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What is Niacin used as?
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Drug-like supplement to lower LDL cholesterol, and raise HDL.
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Niacin has what type of side effects for being used as a drug-like supplement?
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Flushing, and hot.
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Niacin supplement must be what and what is the dosage?
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Prescribed by a doctor. 10-15 X RDA.
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~~The B Vitamins - Folate/ Folic Acid~~
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~~The B Vitamins - Folate/ Folic Acid~~
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Folic acid plays a role in what?
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Red Blood Cells and DNA Synthesis.
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The deficiency of Folic Acid can lead to what?
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Anemia, birth defects (neural tube: spina bifida), and high homocysteine levels.
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What are the sources of Folate?
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Vegetables, Legumes, and Seeds.
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How much Folate is needed and by who?
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400 mg daily. Women of childbearing age.
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When is folate needed most?
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Before pregnancy and during the first few weeks.
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~~The B Vitamins - B6~~
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~~The B Vitamins - B6~~
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What is B6 needed for?
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Protein metabolism.
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Where do we get B6 from?
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Proteins, veggies, and grains.
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The deficiency of B6 leads to what?
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Weakness, irritability, insomnia, immune suppression, and CVD.
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~~ The B Vitamins - B12~~
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~~The B Vitamins - B12~~
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What does B12 protect?
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Nerve fibers.
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B12 works with what?
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Folate to produce red blood cells.
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The deficiency of B12 leads to what?
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Anemia. Creeping paralysis of nerves and muscles (can be permanent if left untreated).
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Extra folate can do what to anemia?
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Treat it, but cannot mask other symptoms.
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B12 deficiency is unlikely in people who eat meat but may what?
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Occur with strict vegans.
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Where are vegan sources of B12?
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Fortified soy beverages, fortified cereals, supplements.
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What requires B12 injections?
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People with genetic defect that hampers body’s ability to product intrinsic factor – compound that enables absorption.
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~~The B Vitamins – Pantothenic Acid and Biotin~~
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~~The B Vitamins – Pantothenic Acid and Biotin~~
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Pantothenic Acid and Biotin are needed for what?
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Coenzyme synthesis in multitude for body’s system.
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Biotin is required in what?
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Cell growth, DNA synthesis, and maintenance of blood glucose levels.
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Pantothenic Acid and Biotin are found there?
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In a wide variety of foods.
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~~Vitamin C~~
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~~Vitamin C~~
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What is Vitamin C required for?
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The production and maintenance of collagen.
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What is Vitamin C touted as?
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A stress fighting nutrient.
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What does Vitamin C boost?
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The body's ability to fight infections.
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Vitamin C is a type of what?
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Antioxidant.
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Vitamin C could be...?
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A cure for the common cold.
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Growing evidence of Vitamin C suggests what?
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That it protects against CVD and certain types of cancers.
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What are sources of Vitamin C?
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Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes), broccoli, brussel sprouts, potatoes, cantaloupe, and strawberries.
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What is the deficiency of Vitamin C called?
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Scurvy.
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Who is at a risk for Scurvy?
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Infants, children (limited diet), elderly.
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~~Fat Soluble Vitamins~~
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~~Fat Soluble Vitamins~~
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~~Vitamin A~~
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~~Vitamin A~~
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Vitamin A is what compared to other Vitamins?
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Most versatile.
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What is Vitamin A important for?
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Many body processes, such as vision.
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With Vitamin A, the body can make what?
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Retinal.
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What is the deficiency of Vitamin A?
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Vision problems and night vision.
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What are other roles of Vitamin A?
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Healthy skin, sperm production, fetal development, immune system, hearing, taste, growth.
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~~Vitamin A Storage~~
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~~Vitamin A Storage~~
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How much Vitamin A can be stored?
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A years supply.
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How much of that Vitamin A is stored in the liver?
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90%
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What is bad about Vitamin A?
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Can be very toxic if overdose.
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What are signs of deficiency?
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Joint pain, hair loss, irritability, fatigue, headaches, weakness, nausea, and liver damage.
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Deficiency is what?
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Widespread.
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Vitamin A can lead to what?
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Keratomalacia.
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What is Keratomalacia?
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Blindness.
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~~Beta-Carotene~~
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~~Beta-Carotene~~
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Beta-Carotene is not what?
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A fat soluble Vitamin.
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What is Beta-Carotene?
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A Vitamin A precursor.
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What are the sources of Beta-Carotene?
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Fruits and vegetables. Yellow, orange, red, and green fruits and vegetables.
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What contains Vitamin A?
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Milk and dairy.
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~~Vitamin D~~
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~~Vitamin D~~
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What "team" is Vitamin D on?
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Bone-making/maintenance team.
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What does Vitamin D assist with?
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Calcium absorption and calcium and phosphorous in blood.
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What is Vitamin D nicknamed?
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Sunshine vitamin.
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~~Vitamin D Intake~~
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~~Vitamin D Intake~~
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What are food sources of Vitamin D?
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Eggs, liver, some fish.
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What is Vitamin D deficiency in children?
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Rickets.
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What is Vitamin D deficiency in adults?
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Osteomalacia.
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Excess intake of Vitamin D may what? Also, what is an example?
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Cause calcium to be deposited in soft tissue. Kidney stones.
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~~Vitamin E~~
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~~Vitamin E~~
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Vitamin E is what?
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Found widespread in foods.
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Where is Vitamin E found?
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Oils, margarine, salad dressings, shortenings, nuts and seeds, some in fruits, vegetables, and grains.
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Intake of Vitamin E protects what?
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The heart, lungs, brain, and other organs.
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Vitamin E antioxidant is what?
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Scavenger of free radicals.
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Toxicity of Vitamin E can what?
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Impair blood clotting.
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~~Vitamin K~~
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~~Vitamin K~~
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Where you here Vitamin K, think of what?
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Koagulation, which is blood clotting.
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What is Vitamin K made by?
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Intestinal flora.
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Vitamin K is given to whom?
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Newborns, as an injection.
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What are sources of Vitamin K?
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Green leafy vegetables, cabbage family.
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What is a food-drug interaction with Vitamin L
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Warfarin or Counadin.
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